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Rubia, Madder, Qian Cao 茜草

Dyers Madder
Qian Cao (TCM)
Manjistha (Ayurveda)
Manjeeth, Manjesta, Favvah
(Unani)
Btsod 
བཙོད  (Tibetan)

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Ortus Sanitatis, Meydenbach, 1491

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New Kreuterbuch, Matthiolus, 1563

Krauterbuch, Lonitzer, 1578
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An Encyclopaedia of useful and ornamental Plants, Burnett, 1852

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Madder root as used in Tibetan Medicine (Adam, 2016)

Botanical name:
Rubia spp.
  1. R. tinctorum (Europe)
  2. R. cordifolia (syn. R. manjistha) the Indian Madder (TCM, Tibetan Medicine, Ayurveda)

Other species of Rubia that have supplied the market include R. lanceolata, R. chinensis, R. schurnannia, R. yunnanensis, R. podantha, R. wallichiana, R. rnernbranacea, R. sikkimensis.
Garden (R. tinctorium) and Wild (R. sylvestris) were known in the West.

In some parts of China (Xinjiang) R. tinctorum is used as Qian Cao Gen, meaning that the two species are used synonymously.

Parts used:
Root

Temperature & Taste:
Cool, dry. Bitter, Sweet, Pungent
Due to its circulatory stimulant effect and its ability to resolve obstruction, some sources regard it as Warming.

Classifications:
2A APERIENT.    2D ATTENUATERS OF CONGEALED BLOOD.    2F. PURIFYING.     2G. CLEANSING.    2P. HEMOSTATIC
3E. DIURETIC.    3F. LITHONTRIPTIC.    3G. EMMENAGOGUE
4f. SPLENETIC.     4h. NEPHRITIC.    4i. UTERINE.    4k. ARTHRITIC
TCM:
K. Move the Blood

Uses:
1. Cools the Blood, Stops Bleeding (West, TCM, Ayurveda, Tibetan Medicine):
-Bleeding with heat, or when associated with Blood stasis
-functional Uterine Bleeding, Coughing or Vomiting blood, blood in the Stool;
-bleeding from excess heat (TCM).
-
Gerard said ‘It stencheth bleeding, mitigate inflammations, and helpeth those parts that be hurt and bruised’.
-may be carbonised to increase its hemostatic effect. 


2. Clears Heat, Moves the Blood, Opens Obstruction, Clears Stasis (West, TCM, Ayurveda, Tibet):
-swelling and hardness of the Spleen or Liver; Seed with Oxymel for swelling of the Spleen (Dioscorides)
-Jaundice and chronic Hepatitis
-Scrofula, Tumors and Cancer.
-Heart disease.
-Amenorrhea and failure of the Lochia to descend after childbirth;
-‘being but only applied, it bringeth down the menses, the birth, and afterbirth’. (Gerard)
-Trauma, wounds of the chest, ‘deadly wounds of the entrails’ and joint pain from congealed blood.
-Ayurveda uses it for Vaginal disorders and to promote Complexion.


3. Clears Heat and Poison (West, Ayurveda, Tibet):
-Ayurveda says it is ‘the best blood purifier’
-Eczema, Psoriasis, Dermatitis, Vitiligo, Herpes, Leprosy, Acne and other obstinate skin diseases with burning and itching
-various Poisons and Venoms including Snake Bite.
-Syphilis (TCM: Porter Smith)
-Fevers including Chronic and Puerperal Fevers (Ayurveda, Tibetan Medicine, Unani)
-effective against the Influenza virus.


4. Clears Damp, Promotes Urine, Clears Gravel and Stones (West, Ayurveda, Tibet):
-Edema, Fluid retention
-Gravel, and Stones (has been regarded as specific for Stones)
-in
Ayurveda it is used for Stones of the Kidney or Gall Bladder; it can both help clear Stones, and hinder their formation.
-it cleanses the kidneys and bladder.
-in Tibetan Medicine for chronic Kidney disease including Nephritis

-Arthritis and Rheumatism (Unani, TCM: Porter Smith); Dioscorides used it for Sciatica.

5. Clears Deficient Heat, Benefits the Bones:
-aid in the treatment of Rickets, Fractures, especially slow-healing Fractures
(West, Ayurveda)
-chronic inflammations, Hectic Fever
-Arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sciatica. Avicenna listed Sciatica when taken with Hydromel.
-in Tibetan formulas for Lumbago, Arthritis and Gout.

-Li Shen Zen in his Pen Tsao Kang Mu (1590) said it ‘Unblocks channels and vessels, treats Wind pain in the bones and Joints’, which is not a modern TCM indication, however.

6. Clears Heat and Phlegm, Benefits the Throat, Stops Cough:
-traditionally in Ayurveda to Benefit the Throat and is used in Tonsillitis and Hoarseness, as well as Lung conditions.
-in TCM for chronic Bronchitis
-Salmon
listed it for Cough and Lung Ulcers.
-Pneumonia (Tibet)


7. Rasayana (Tonic to the 7 Body Tissues):
-Diabetes
-Mental disorders (inc. Insanity),
-Menopause (Ayurveda, TCM)
-to help promote Conception (Ayurveda and Tibetan Medicine)
-chronic Joint disease (Ayurveda); Sciatica (Dioscorides)
-Paralysis (Dioscorides,
Tibetan); Atrophy (Tabernaemontanus)

8. Externally:
-external Injury and Trauma.
-a paste of the root and Honey is applied to Swellings and Inflammations.
-a paste of the root powder with honey is applied to skin conditions
including Scabies, Tinea, Eczema, Psoriasis, Leucoderma, Pityriasis Versicolor, Pityriasis Alba, Freckles and other skin discolorations.
-'creeping sores' (Lonicerus)
-a wash externally for Tubercular conditions of the skin or mucus
membranes.
-
Dioscorides used a cataplasm with vinegar for mild cases of Leprosy.
-in tooth powders for loose Teeth, painful and bleeding gums etc.
-in Collyriums for the eyes
-in India it is used in oils topically for Greying Hair.
-
Dioscorides used a pessary to promote lochial discharge.


DOSE:
1. Boiled in wine or the tincture used also moves the Blood and clears Stasis.
2. To break Blood stagnation and concretions, take 1 dram (3 grams) of the powder with vinegar
Of the Powder: 1–3 grams, 2–3 times daily (for stones etc.)
In Decoction: 6–15 grams

CORRECTIVES:
1. Tragacanth
2. Anise
3. Oxymel (
Unani)

SUBSTITUTES:
Zanthoxylum alatum and Cinnamon (Unani)

PREPARATION:
In both East and West, it is sometimes charred to increase its Hemostatic effect. It does not need to be charred to facilitate Hemostatic effects, but this preparation is better for Bleeding when there is no Blood stagnation. It can be used for any type of Bleeding.

NOTES:
This is a special medicine for the Blood; it can move the Blood to clear stasis; stop Bleeding from Heat, and clear Heat and Toxin from the Blood.

Main Combinations:
Lacca & Madder
Madder is commonly combined with Lacca in the West, Unani and Tibetan Medicine. Both are powerful for Blood disorders, to move Blood and clear stasis; Heat and Toxin of the Blood, Arthritic pain, Gynecological disorders, to promote Urine and for Stones. They are also combined for Fractures in the East.
Madder & Rhubarb
Madder is also commonly combine with Rhubarb; together, they clear Heat and Toxin from the Blood, and stop Bleeding from Heat. They are also used for Trauma, Blood stagnation and Bruising.

Gynecology
1. Menstrual obstruction and pain, Madder with Mugwort, Savin, Calamus, Mint, Wormwood, Oregano, Calamint, Spikenard, Fennel seed, Peony (as in Syrup of Mugwort)
2. Dysmenorrhea, Amenorrhea, Leukorrhea, Madder with Restharrow, Horehound, Motherwort, Mugwort, Rosemary, Parsley seed, Saffron, Cinnamon (Formulaire de Montpellier, 1822)
3. Amenorrhea:
i. Madder, Cassia Lignea, Cassia Fistula
ii. Madder with Salvia Dan Shen
iii. Madder with Dang Gui, Paeonia Bai Shao
4. Chlorosis, Madder with Celery root, Butchers Broom, Zedoary, Guaiacum, Motherwort, Pennyroyal, Mugwort, Feverfew, Iron (as in Ale for Chlorosis)
5. Dysmenorrhea:
i. Madder with Dang Gui, Cyperus rotundus, Safflower (TCM)
ii. Madder with Turmeric
iii. Madder with Bdellium, Asparagus root, Safflower (Ayurveda)
iv. Madder, Juniper berry, Cinnamon, Myrrh (Wirtzung)
6. Menopause:
i. Decoct 6 grams of Madder and drink in 3 equal doses daily.
ii. Madder, Rose, Sage
iii. Madder, Asparagus Shatavari, Pearl
7. Uterus obstructions, Fibroids:
i. Madder with Round Birthwort, Agaric, Cinnamon (as in Pills of Madder)
ii. Madder with Round Birthwort, Savin, Cretan Dittany, Myrrh (as in Powder of Myrrh)
8. Irregular Uterine Bleeding, Madder with Cuttlefish bone (TCM)

Skin Diseases:
9. Chronic skin diseases:
i. Madder with Neem, Turmeric, Gotu Kola, Aloe (Ayurveda)
ii. including Leprosy, Madder with Triphala, Tinospora, Barberry, Neem bark (as in Powder of Musaffi Khas of Unani)
iii. chronic acne: Madder with Tinospora, Hemidesmus, Neem, Catechu, Black Nightshade
iv. Psoriasis, Madder with Coptis, Rhubarb
10. Herpes, Madder with Bittersweet, Arnica (Memorial Pharmaceutique, 1824)
11. Scrofula, Madder with Rosehip, Walnut leaf (Nouveau Formulaire Medicale et Pharmaceutique, 1820)

Bleeding:
12. from excess Heat (Bile):
i. Madder with Rehmannia Sheng Di
ii. Madder with Lotus root, Emblic Myrobalan (Ayurveda)
13. Coughing up Blood and Pus: Infuse one part of a strong infusion of Madder in half a part of wine for 24 hours (leaving the Madder in). Press the Madder well, strain, and add Honey. Heat gently over a fire until as thick as Honey. One spoonful is taken as a dose. (Syrian "Book of Medicine", trans. by Wallis Budge, 1913)
14. Diarrhea and Dysentery with Blood, Madder with Coptis Huang Lian and Scutellaria Huang Qin (TCM)
15. Uterine Bleeding:
i. from excess Heat, Madder with Cuttlefish bone (TCM)
ii. with Qi deficiency, add Astragalus Huang Qi to the above.
16. Leukorrhea with Blood, Madder with Fossil Bones (Long Gu)

Blood Stasis, Trauma:
17. Trauma, Bruising, Blood Stasis:
i. Madder with Myrrh (Pharmacopoeia Herbipolitania, 1796)
ii. Madder (1 dram), Rhubarb (2 drams) (Avicenna)
iii. Madder with Spermaceti and Shilajit (Mumia) (Herbarium Horstianum, 1630)
iv. Madder with Burdock root, Rhubarb, St. John's wort, Bugle, Sanicle
18. Blood Stasis (in the Chest), Madder with Lacca, Red Earth, Rhubarb (Wirtzung)
19. Fractures:
i. Madder with Comfrey root
ii. Madder with Shilajit internally; topically, mix Madder and Licorice powders with rice vinegar into a paste for topical application.
iii. Madder with Arjuna, Licorice, Myrrh (Ayurveda)
20. Tumors from Blood Stasis:
i. Madder with Bdellium, Turmeric
ii. Madder with Asarum, Rhubarb, Bitter Almond, Myrrh

Obstructions:
21. Jaundice:
i. Madder with Celandine, Wormwood, Centaury, Cinnamon, Saffron (Riverius)
ii. Madder with Horehound, Turmeric, Nettle, Celandine, Cleavers, Barberry bark
iii. Madder, Turmeric (1 oz. each), Celandine, Lesser Centaury (half handful each), decoct in a mix of water and wine (2 lbs. each); strain, add Compound Syrup of Celery (2 oz.) (Sydenham)
iv. Madder with Turmeric, Celandine, Earthworms
22. Spleen obstructions, Madder, Asparagus root, Fennel root, Licorice, Raisins (Herbarium Horstianum, 1630)
23. To open obstructions, for Fibroids, Liver swelling, Edema and Stones, Madder with Lacca, Costus, Rhubarb, Saffron, Licorice, Pepper, Myrrh (as in Powder of Gum Lacca of Mesue)
24. Resolvent Powder: Madder with Couch Grass, Dandelion, Soapwort, Fumitory, Yarrow (equal parts). (Armen Pharmacopoea, Hufeland, 1825)
25. Engorgement of the abdominal viscera, decoct Madder with Mutton neck, Soapwort, Chicory (Nouveau Formulaire Medicale et Pharmaceutique, 1820)

Urinary:
26. Burning Urine, Madder with Sandalwood, Tribulus, Coriander seed (Ayurveda)
27. Edema, Madder with roots of Fennel, Parsley, Bay berry, Juniper berry, Carr and Fennel seed (as in Diuretic Hydromel)
28. Stones:
i. Madder with Peach kernel
ii. Madder with Tribulus, Shilajit (Ayurveda)

Other:
29. Rickets:
i. Madder (2 drams), prepared Oyster shell (4 drams). Make 18 doses, Dose: 2–3 per day for a young child. (Nouveau Formulaire Medicale et Pharmaceutique, 1820)
ii. Madder (half oz.), Cream of Tartar (2 drams), Spring Water (64 oz.). Boil slowly for an hour, strain, add clarified Honey (2 oz.). (Nouveau Formulaire Medicale et Pharmaceutique, 1820)
30. Dysentery:
i. Madder with Burnet root
ii. Madder with Red Earth and toasted Rhubarb
31. Fistula, Madder with Red Cabbage and its seed (equal amounts); boil until three-quarters has been consumed, strain, add Honey and boil until thick. Give 2 spoonfuls twice daily. (The Secrets of Alexis, 1615)

Major Formulas:
Decoction for Jaundice
Emmenagogue Decoction (Riverius)
Emmenagogue Syrup
Syrup of Mugwort Lesser (Bononiense)
Powder of Madder
Powder to Promote Birth (Alexander)
Bruise Powder (Mesue)
Powder Against Bruising
Powder for Bruising Greater (Wirtzung)
Powder for Congealed Blood in the Chest
Powder for Edema (Wirtzung)
Electuary for Internal Bruising
Pills for Retention of Urine (Wirtzung)

Madder Pill (Tibetan Medicine)
Chebula 18 (A Ru 18) (Tibetan Medicine)

Cautions:
1. Use carefully in Kidney inflammation
2. Not used in Cold and weak digestion in TCM.
3. It can aggravate Wind diseases
4. It tinges the Urine and even the Bones a red color
5. Toxic in large doses

TOXICITY:
Around 10 grams (3 drams) of the powder was said to affect the nervous system and cause delirium.
Lucidine is found (in small amounts) in some species and is highly mutagenic. Hydroxyanthraquinone is a by-product of metabolism and is carcinogenic.

Main Preparations used:

1. Extract of Madder:
i. Madder (1 lb.), Water (3 lbs.). Boil, express, clarify with an egg white, then evaporate to an extract. (Farmacopea Ferrarensis, 1825)
ii. Madder (2 parts), Alcohol (3 parts), Water (9 parts). Digest in a covered vessel, express; distil off the alcohol slowly, evaporate to an extract. (Pharmacopoeia Hannoverana, 1819)

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'Madder is used in Hindu medicine as a colouring agent: medicated oils are boiled with Madder to give them colour. It is also a useful external astringent, and is applied to inflamed parts, ulcers, fractures, &c. Chakradatta recommends Madder rubbed with honey as an application to the brown spots of pityriasis versicolor. The Sanskrit name for Madder is Manjishtha. Under the names of Fuvvah and Runas, Arabic and Persian writers treat of Madder, probably the produce of R. tinctorium (as the roots which come from Afghanistan appear to be identical with those of the European species). They do not, however, make any distinction between the species, but simply mention a wild and a cultivated variety. The Mahometans consider the drug to be deobstruent and prescribe it in paralytic affections, jaundice, obstructions in the urinary passages and amenorrhoea. They mention the fruit as useful in hepatic obstruction, and a paste made from the roots with honey, as a good application to freckles and other discolorations of the skin. The whole plant is reputed to be alexipharmic; it is also hung up in houses to avert the evil eye, and tied to the necks of .
animals with the same object. Ainslie observes that the hakims are in the habit of prescribing an infusion of Madder root as a grateful and deobstruent drink in cases of scanty lochial discharge after lying-in. (Materia Indica II., p.182.) In another notice of the article {Op. cit. I. p.202), he remarks that it would appear to be chiefly produced in Cuchar, and the root is in great demand in the adjacent countries, for dyeing their coarse cloths and stuffs red; the Nepalese are in the habit of bartering it for rock salt and borax. Kinnier and Tavernier notice the abundauce of Madder in Persia and Makran. Dr. G. Playfair, in a note appended to his translation of the Talif-i-sharifi (p. 150), states that if taken to the extent of about 3 drachms several times daily, it powerfully affects the nervous system, inducing temporary delirium, &c, with evident determination to the uterine system. The plant is common on the higher ghauts in the Bombay Presidency, but the Bombay market draws its supplies chiefly from Khelat through Sind. The imported article fetches a higher price than that grown in India. (Vegetable Materia Medica of Western India, Dymock, 1885)
1. GENERAL REVIEW:
–A Review of the Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology and Toxicology of Rubiae Radix et Rhizoma.
–Comparative studies of rubia cordifolia linn. And rubia tinctorum linn (rubiaceae)(*).
–[Studies on anthraquinones from the roots of rubia cordifolia l].

2. ANTIBACTERIAL:
–MRSA–Determination of Antimicrobial Potential of Five Herbs used in Ayurveda Practices against Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
–Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn., Rubia cordifolia Linn. and Lantana camara Linn.: isolation of emodin and physcion as active antibacterial agents.
–[Studies on antibacterial constituents from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L].

3. ANTI-VIRAL:
–In vitro Antiviral Activity of Rubia cordifolia Aerial Part Extract against Rotavirus.
–Anti-HIV activity of Indian medicinal plants.
–Inhibition of hepatitis B surface antigen secretion on human hepatoma cells. Components from Rubia cordifolia.

4. ANTI-FUNGAL:
–Determination of Antimicrobial Potential of Five Herbs used in Ayurveda Practices against Candida albicans, Candida parapsilosis and Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

5. LARVICIDAL:
–In vitro Antiviral Activity of Rubia cordifolia Aerial Part Extract against Rotavirus.

6. ANTI-OXIDANT:
–Characterization of Rubia cordifolia L. root extract and its evaluation of cardioprotective effect in Wistar rat model.
–Ameliorative effect of methanol extract of Rubia cordifolia in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.
–The protective effect of Rubia cordifolia against lead nitrate-induced immune response impairment and kidney oxidative damage.
–Antioxidant phenolic constituents in roots of Rheum officinale and Rubia cordifolia: structure-radical scavenging activity relationships.
–Effect of Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica linn, and Tinospora cordifolia on free radical generation and lipid peroxidation during oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices.
–Rubiadin, a new antioxidant from Rubia cordifolia

7. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY:
–Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Rubia cordifolia L. by spectrum-effect relationships.
–In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of 6-hydroxyrubiadin on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.
–Anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of the aerial part of Rubia cordifolia.
–Mollugin inhibits the inflammatory response in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages by blocking the Janus kinase-signal transducers and activators of transcription signaling pathway.
–Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of mollugin via up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 in mouse hippocampal and microglial cells.
–Anti-inflammatory action of mollugin and its synthetic derivatives in HT-29 human colonic epithelial cells is mediated through inhibition of NF-kappaB activation.
–Topical anti-inflammatory activity of pinda thailam, a herbal gel formulation

8. ANTI-ALLERGY:
–Chinese herbal extracts of Rubia cordifolia and Dianthus superbus suppress IgE production and prevent peanut-induced anaphylaxis.

9. DETOXICANT:
–The protective effect of Rubia cordifolia against lead nitrate-induced immune response impairment and kidney oxidative damage.

10. RADIOPROTECTIVE:
–Role of Rubia cordifolia Linn. in radiation protection.

11. INHIBIT XANTHINE OXIDASE:
–Total phenolics, antioxidant, antitumor, and enzyme inhibitory activity of Indian medicinal and aromatic plants extracted with different extraction methods.

12. INHIBITS ALPHA-GLUCOSIDASE:
–[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from Rubia cordifolia].

13. ANTI-DIARRHEA:
–Anti-diarrheal and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of the aerial part of Rubia cordifolia.

14. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE:
–Protective Effect of Hydroalcoholic Root Extract of Rubia cordifolia in Indomethacin-Induced Enterocolitis in Rats.

15. ANALGESIC:
–Evaluation of analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of Rubia cordifolia L. by spectrum-effect relationships.

16. ANTI-THROMBOTIC:
–Anti-thrombotic and pro-angiogenic effects of Rubia cordifolia extract in zebrafish.
17. ANTI-PLATELET:
–Anti-platelet activating factor property of Rubia cordifolia Linn.

18. ANTI-DIABETIC:
–Alizarin increase glucose uptake through PI3K/Akt signaling and improve alloxan-induced diabetic mice.
–Antihyperglycemic, antistress and nootropic activity of roots of Rubia cordifolia Linn.

19 CARDIOPROTECTIVE:
–Characterization of Rubia cordifolia L. root extract and its evaluation of cardioprotective effect in Wistar rat model.

20. GASTROPROTECTIVE:
–The protective effect of Rubia cordifolia against lead nitrate-induced immune response impairment and kidney oxidative damage.

21. HEPATOPROTECTIVE:
–Hepatoprotective effects of rubiadin, a major constituent of Rubia cordifolia Linn

22. NEPHROPROTECTIVE:
–Amelioration of cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in Swiss albino mice by Rubia cordifolia extract.

23. NEUROPROTECTIVE:
–Neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of mollugin via up-regulation of heme oxygenase-1 in mouse hippocampal and microglial cells.
–Effect of Rubia cordifolia, Fagonia cretica linn, and Tinospora cordifolia on free radical generation and lipid peroxidation during oxygen-glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal slices.

24. ANTI-STRESS:
–Antihyperglycemic, antistress and nootropic activity of roots of Rubia cordifolia Linn.

25. ANTI-CONVULSANT / SPASMOLYTIC:
–Anticonvulsant and behavioral actions of triterpene isolated from Rubia cordifolia Linn.
–Possible presence of calcium channel blocker(s) in Rubia cordifolia: an indigenous medicinal plant.

26. INCREASES BRAIN GABA AND SEROTONIN:
–Anticonvulsant and behavioral actions of triterpene isolated from Rubia cordifolia Linn.

27. PSORIASIS:
–1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic Acid Induces Apoptosis in Human Keratinocyte: Potential Application for Psoriasis Treatment.
–Ethyl acetate fraction of the root of Rubia cordifolia L. inhibits keratinocyte proliferation in vitro and promotes keratinocyte differentiation in vivo: potential application for psoriasis treatment.

28. URINARY CALCULI:
–Protective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Rubia cordifolia roots against ethylene glycol induced urolithiasis in rats.

29. CYTOTOXIC:
–Anthraquinones, naphthohydroquinones and naphthohydroquinone dimers from Rubia cordifolia and their cytotoxic activity.

30. ANTI-TUMOR:
–[Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors from Rubia cordifolia].
–Two antitumour bicyclic hexapeptides from Rubia cordifolia.
–[Phase I Study of RA-700. RA-700 Clinical Study Group].
–Structures and conformations of metabolites of antitumor cyclic hexapeptides, RA-VII and RA-X.
–New antitumor bicyclic hexapeptides, RA-XI, -XII, -XIII and -XIV from Rubia cordifolia.
–Antitumor activity and toxicity in mice of RA-700, a cyclic hexapeptide.

31. ANTI-CANCER:
–Mollugin Has an Anti-Cancer Therapeutic Effect by Inhibiting TNF-α-Induced NF-κB Activation.
–Mollugin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by suppressing fatty acid synthase in HER2-overexpressing cancer cells.
–Mollugin inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis by suppressing fatty acid synthase in HER2-overexpressing cancer cells.
–Ameliorative effect of methanol extract of Rubia cordifolia in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.
–Anti-inflammatory and anticancer compounds isolated from Ventilago madraspatana Gaertn., Rubia cordifolia Linn. and Lantana camara Linn.
–Mollugin induces apoptosis in human Jurkat T cells through endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated activation of JNK and caspase-12 and subsequent activation of mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade regulated by Bcl-xL.
–Anticancer constituents from the roots of Rubia cordifolia L
–Effect of RC-18, a new anticancer principle isolated from Rubia cordifolia, Linn. on cell cycle of P388 tumour system.
–In vivo anti-cancer activity of RC-18: a plant isolate from Rubia cordifolia, Linn. against a spectrum of experimental tumour models.
–Anti-cancer activity of the extracts of Rubia cordifolia Linn.

32. LEUKOPENIA:
–[Clinical observation on the increase of leukocyte count in leukopenia promoted by diethylester Rubia cordifolia L].

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