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Viscum, Mistletoe, Hu Ji Sheng 槲寄生

Viscus (Latin)
Hu Ji Sheng (Northen Mistletoe, Viscum spp., TCM)

Loranthus, Sang Ji Sheng 桑寄生

Sang Ji Sheng (Mulberry Mistletoe, Loranthus [Taxillus] spp. TCM)
Picture
Picture
Ortus Sanitatis, Meydenbach, 1491
Picture
Krauterbuch, Lonitzer, 1578

Picture
Mistletoe (Dioscorides Materia Medica, Mathias, 1563)

Picture
Viscum
Botanische wandplaten
, 1904–1914

Picture
Picture
Viscum album
Koehler's Medizinal Pflanzen
, 1887

Loranthus europeaus
Flora von Deutschland (27), Kohler, 1886
Picture
Viscum (Adam, 2017)

Botanical name:
Viscum, Loranthus and other species:
  1. Viscum album (Europe)
  2. Viscum album subsp. Coloratum (syn. V. coloratum) (TCM)
  3. Loranthus parasiticus (syn. Taxillus chinensis, L. chinensis, Scurrula parasiticus) (TCM)
  4. L. europaeus (Europe)
  5. L. nigrans (syn. Taxillus nigrans) (TCM)
  6. Taxillus sutchuensis (TCM)
  7. Scurrula spp. (S. ferruginea)
In TCM, Loranthus parasiticus is the primary source; however both V. coloratum and V. album are used in parts of China.
One study found that over 50 species of Mistletoe used in various cultures showed remarkable similarity in their traditional uses.
There are over 1000 species of Loranthus and over 550 species of Viscum.


Parts used:
Leaf and young Twigs; in TCM the whole plant including the wood is used.

Temperature & Taste:
Neutral, Bitter, Sweet.

Classifications:
2I. ANTISPASMODIC.    2L. EMOLLIENT.    2U. SUPPURATIVE
3M. ARTHRITIC
4j. NERVINE


Uses:
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE:
1. Nourishes the Liver, Calms Wind, Stops Spasms:

-Headache, Dizziness and Vertigo, as well as red eyes and face, irritability and anger
-Epilepsy and other convulsive disorders, Apoplexy, Paralysis, Hysteria, Delirium, Neuralgia and nervous debility.
-more recently for Hypertension
-Urticaria (Avicenna)


2. Benefits and Regulates the Heart, Stops Wind:
-Hypertension, Arteriosclerosis, and coronary Heart diseases where it can often bring a complete cure
-also used for Tachycardia, and has been used as a tonic for feeble Heart action.
-very good for an aging heart, and for loss of elasticity of the Arteries.


3. Tonifies the Liver and Kidneys, Benefits the Tendons and Bones:
-European Mistle has been used as the Chinese in this respect; chronic Joint disease, Arthritis and Rheumatism
-"Viscum album, even in minute doses, stands as a prince among pain-subduing medicines, especially paroxysms of tearing and rending pains, rheumatic and neuralgic.... A master remedy for Sciatica" (The medical genius, Jones, 1887)
-'softens the Joints' (Avicenna)
-degenerative joint diseases of the elderly
-In India it is used for Diabetes


4. Stops Bleeding:
-internal bleeding; Menorrhagia
-Hemorrhage associated with blood congestion.


5. Moves the Blood, Nourishes the Uterus:
-Dymenorrhea with spasm and pain
-Inferility; Pliny said it promotes conception (various cultures have used it for infertility including Japan)
-V. articulatum fresh herb is made into a paste from which pills are made and used for Infertility in India
-Mistletoe of the Willow was used to ‘cause speedy delivery’ (Salmon).
-blood stasis of the lower abdomen with Menorrhagia, or Irregular Uterine Bleeding. Some used it instead of Ergot.


6. Moves the Blood, Clears Toxic Swellings:
-Celsus (150 AD) listed it for Tumors.
-dissolvent and removes thick fluids from the deeper parts of the body; it dissolves cold swellings (Avicenna)
-used as a traditional remedy for Cancer; modern research has found anti-cancer actions demonstrated in animals.
-In Europe, Extracts are used in the treatment of many forms of Cancer, this popularized by Rodolf Steiner in the 1920's.
-Leprosy (taken in wine)


7. Externally:
-the Berries (or preparations of them) may be used externally for stiff and painful joints, and various swellings.
-The wood of the Mistle was carved into balls and worn around the neck or wrist to protect Children from Epilepsy and Convulsions
-A little of the wood, or a cross of the Wood of Mistle of the Oak was held over the afflicted part in cramps and convulsions.



CHINESE MISTLETOE:
1. Tonifies the Liver and Kidneys, Benefits the Tendons and Bones:

-lower back and knee pain, chronic joint pain
-numbness and weakness of the Tendons, Ligaments, or Bones.
-Osteo-arthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis an related conditions
-effective for Wind-Damp disorders of the Joints, as well as degenerative changes occurring due to old age.


2. Calms the Fetus, Nourishes the Womb:
-Restlessness of the Fetus and Uterine bleeding during pregnancy. Said to stabilise the Embryo.
-"It soothes a Fetus" (Shen Nong's Herbal)
-"
stops vaginal bleeding during pregnancy and consolidates the Fetus" (Zhen Quan)

3. Nourish the Blood:
-improves the skin; used for dry, scaly Skin from weak or deficient blood.
-nourishes the Hair.
-"consolidates the hair and tooth, and promotes growth of eyebrow and beard" (Shen Nong's Herbal)
-"
good for treating metrorrhagia of a woman with internal damage and general debility, and various puerperal disease" (Ming Yi Bie Lu)

4. Stops Wind:
-Recently used successfully for Hypertension and Arteriosclerosis.

5. Promotes Milk. (V. coloratum)
-promotes Milk production


Dose:
Powder: 1–3 grams;
Decoction: the Western Mistle (leafy twigs) can be given in doses of 3–12 grams.
Tincture (1:5): 2–4mls (½–1 dram).
The standard Chinese (Sang Ji Sheng) on the market contains a lot of wood so its dose is 9–15 grams.


Comment:
1. The Mistletoe of East and West are generally used similarly. As the Mistle grows like a tree but without touching the ground, it was long viewed as having a special affinity for Wind diseases and the Air Element.
2. The European Mistletoe was traditionally primarily used for Wind diseases of the Head, and its preferred host was the Oak, although Hazel, Apple and other fruits trees were also used as the source. The Chinese Mistletoe is primarily used as a Yin and Blood tonic and its preferred host is the Mulberry tree, but it is collected from various deciduous and fruit trees including Peach. In reality, both share similar aspects. As noted above, parts of China use Viscum album synonymously with the Chinese Sang Ji Sheng (Loranthus).
3. Recently in TCM, the 2 types of Mistle used (Loranthus [Taxillus] and Viscum) have been differentiated. As noted in Benksy (Chinese Herbal Medicine, Materia Medica, 3rd Ed.) both species are used fairly interchangeably and are regarded as similar. Loranthus (Taxillus) is viewed as the stronger tonic, Viscum is viewed as better for Wind-Damp Rheumatism and Joint disease. We may assume the Viscum spp. is also better for Internal Wind.
4. Perhaps the only point of conjecture that needs to be kept in mind is the effect during Pregnancy. The Western Mistle has been used to promote Menstruation and Labor, and is given for Menstrual pain. The Chinese Sang Ji Sheng is used for Restless Fetus, threatened Miscarriage that can include Bleeding. Perhaps it would be wise to use only Chinese Sang Ji Sheng for threatened Miscarriage.
5. When the Chinese Mistletoe Sang Ji Sheng is used for Internal Wind disorders, the European Mistle is superior.
6. European Mistletoe is usually fermented by placing leafy twigs in piles and turning them while drying. This is a form of preparation and is superior to the dried herb.
7. Being a parasitic plant, Mistle acquires properties of the host plant, and so should not be collected from toxic trees.


Preparation:
1. Wine-fried Mistletoe
  To unblock the channels and clear Wind-Damp, it can be stir-fried with wine.
2. Fermented Mistletoe:
  In Western practice, it is sometimes left to ferment in piles before drying and keeping.


Main Combinations:
Mistletoe & Peony

Head / Brain / Wind:
1. Wind disorders:
i. In the Western Tradition Mistletoe is most commonly combined with Peony root for all types of Internal Wind disorders including Epilepsy, Dizziness, Vertigo, Migraine
ii. Mistletoe, Peony, Calamus, Valerian, Betony, Sage, Rue, Juniper (as in Cephalic Decoction)
iii. Mistletoe with Peony, Valerian, Pearl, Red Coral
iv. Paralysis, Arthritis, Convulsions, Nervous diseases, Cinnabar with Amber with Peony, Mistletoe, Pearl, Millipede, Earthworms, Viper powder (Pulvis Visceralis, Dispensatory of Prague)
v. Chinese Mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng) with Gastrodia Tian Ma, Abalone shell, Gardenia Zhi Zi, Scutellaria Huang Qin, Leonurus Yi Mu Cao (Chinese Motherwort), Cyanthula Chuan Niu Xi, Eucommia Du Zhong (as in Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin of TCM)
2. Epilepsy:
i. Mistletoe with Valerian
ii. Mistletoe with Peony, White Dittany, Valerian (as in Powder for Epilepsy)
iii. Mistletoe with Peony, White Dittany, Orange seed, Red Coral, Gold (as in Pulvis de Guttete, Powder for Epilepsy)
iv. Mistletoe with Deer Heart Bone.
iv. Mistletoe with Cinnabar, Lapis Lazuli, Peony, Pearl, Coral, Amber
3. Childhood Convulsions:
i. Mistletoe with Peony, Pearl, Amber, Red Coral
ii. Mistletoe, Peony, Bezoar, Crab Claws, Pearl
4. Dizziness and Vertigo:
i. Apple-tree Mistletoe powder in a decoction of Sage or Rosemary
ii. Mistletoe with Sage, Betony, Peony, Rosemary
iii. Mistletoe with Nutmeg, Coriander seed, Peony seed, Galangal, Calamus, Betony, Cumin (as in Powder of Nutmeg for Vertigo)
iv. from Wind-Phlegm, Mistletoe with Peony, Galangal, Nutmeg, Rosemary (as in Powder for Dizziness and Vertigo)
v. Mistletoe with Peony, Galangal, Nutmeg, Coriander seed, Calamus, Betony (as in Powder of Nutmeg for Vertigo)
vi. Mistletoe, Peony, Cinnabar washed
5. Apoplexy:
i. Mistletoe with Peony, Nutmeg, Coriander, Galangal, Cinnamon, Long Pepper, Rosemary, Tormentil, Ginger (as in Tincture for Apoplexy)
ii. Mistletoe, Peony, Sage, Balm, Rosemary, Saffron
iii. Mistletoe, Peony, Orris, Frankincense, Calcined Deer horn, Saffon
iv. Mistletoe, Peony, Lavender, Cubebs, Cinnamon, Mace, Nutmegs, Galangal (as in Apoplectic Water of Sennertus)
6. Meniere's Disease, Mistletoe with Betony, Rosemary, Shepherd's Purse, Wood Sage (Wonders in Weeds)
7. Heart tonic:
i. Mistletoe with Rue, Rosemary
ii. for the aging Heart, Mistletoe with Hawthorn, Lily of the Valley
8. Hypertension:
i. Mistletoe with Hawthorn and Garlic
ii. Mistletoe with Balm, Linden flower
iii. Mistletoe with Self Heal, Chrysanthemum, Peppermint and Abalone shell as a Decoction. (TCM)
iv. Mistletoe with Earthworm, Self Heal, Peppermint and Mother of Pearl as a Decoction. (TCM)


Other:
9. Arteriosclerosis:
i. Mistletoe with Hawthorn, Valerian, Horsetail
ii. Mistletoe with Hawthorn and Garlic
iii. Mistletoe with Hawthorn and Rue
10. Arthritis:
i. distilled Spirit of Mistletoe is applied topically; "as excellent a remedy for the Gout [Arthritis] as most is" (Culpeper)
ii. Mistletoe with Birch leaf and Knotgrass
iii. Mistletoe with Sarsaparilla, Guaiacum, Germander, Ground Ivy, Sage, Primula, Rosemary, St John's wort (as in Wine for Arthritis)
iv. Mistletoe, Polypody, Comfrey, Germander, Ground Ivy, Cinnamon, Licorice
v. Chinese Mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng) with Angelica Du Huo, Asarum Xi Xin, Saposhnikovia Fang Feng, Eucommia Du Zhong, Achyranthes Niu Xi, Dang gui (as in Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang of TCM)
11. Sterility from Heat (after necessary purging): Diatriasantalum, Mistletoe, Bull penis, Hare's Uterus (De Conceptu)
11. Threatened Miscarriage:
i. Chinese Mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng), with Atractylodes Bai Zhu and Astragalus. If there is Heat, Scutellaria Huang Qin is added. If the Kidneys are weak, Dipsacus Xu Duan and Eucommia Du Zhong are added. (TCM)
ii. from Liver and Kidney deficiency, Chinese Mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng) with Donkey-Hide Gelatin (E Jiao), Dipsacus Xu Duan, Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi) (as in Shou Tai Wan from Yi Xue Zhong Zhong Can Xi Lu (Records of Heart-Felt Experiences in Medicine with Reference to the West).
12. Bleeding, including bleeding from the Stomach, Bowels, Lungs, and Postpartum Bleeding, Mistletoe, Plantain seed, Licorice, Red Earth, Tormentil, Burnt Deer horn, Hematite, Nutmeg, Red Coral (as in Powder of Plantain Compound)
13. Promote and Regulate Menstruation: Mistletoe with St. John's wort (Kißner)
14. Uterine Bleeding, Menorrhagia, Chinese Mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng) with Donkey-Hide Gelatin (E Jiao), Dipsacus Xu Duan, Dang Gui, Cyperus rotunduis (Xiang Fu) (as in Sang Ji Sheng San from Zheng Zhi Zhun Sheng (The Level-line of Patterns & Treatment).
15. Metrorrhagia, Mistletoe, Dittany, Balm, Valerian and Walnut leaf. (Finsterwalder)
16. Hysteria, Mistletoe, Feverfew, Peony root, Zedoary, Lovage root, Myrrh (Lazarus Riverius)
17. Diabetes, Mistletoe with Figwort, Comfrey root, Feverfew
18. Dysentery, Chinese Mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng) with Saposhnikovia Fang Feng, Ligusticum Chuan Xiong, Licorice
19. Cancerous Ulcers: Mistletoe, Peony, Amber, Pearl, Rhaponticum, Rhubarb, Bay berry, Self Heal, Slaked Lime (equal parts) as a powder topically.


Major Formulas:
Cephalic Decoction (Charras)
Wine for Arthritis
Powder of Mistletoe and Peony (Gabelhover)
Powder of Mistletoes (Gabelhover)
Powder of Nutmeg for Vertigo
Powder of Plantain Compound
Powder for Childhood Convulsions
Powder for Cancerous Ulcers (Gabelhover)
Electuary for the Head (Lewis)
Tincture for Apoplexy

Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin
Du Huo Ji Sheng Tang
Shou Tai Wan


Cautions:
1. For safety, it is better to only use Chinese Mistletoe Sang Ji Sheng during pregnancy for Threatened Miscarriage
2. Avoid overdoses.
3. The American Mistletoe Phoradendron flavescens is not suitable for use as Loranthus or Viscum.
4. Adverse Drug Reactions and Expected Effects to Therapy with Subcutaneous Mistletoe Extracts (Viscum album L.) in Cancer Patients


Drug Interactions:
Should not be used together with prescribed anti-asthmatic drugs, or MAO inhibitors.

Main Preparations used:


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Pliny on Mistletoe
We have already stated that the best mistletoe is that which grows on the robur, and have described the manner in which it is prepared. Some persons, after bruising the berries, boil them in water, till nothing appears on the surface, while others, again, bite the berries with the teeth, and reject the skins. The best kind of viscus is that which has none of the outer skin in it, is extremely light, yellow without, and of a leek-green colour within. There is no substance more glutinous than this: it is of an emollient nature, disperses tumours, and acts as a desiccative upon scrofulous sores; combined with resin and wax, it heals inflamed swellings of every description. Some persons add galbanum as well, using equal proportions of each ingredient, and this preparation they employ also for the treatment of
wounds. The viscus of the mistletoe has the additional property also of rectifying malformed nails; but to effect this it must be taken off at the end of seven days, and the nails must be washed with a solution of nitre. Some persons have a sort of superstitious notion that the viscus will be all the more efficacious if the berries are gathered from the robur at new moon, and without the aid of iron. They have an impression too, that if it has not touched the ground, it will cure epilepsy, that it will promote conception in females if they make a practice of carrying it about them: the berries, chewed and applied to ulcers, are remarkably efficacious for their cure, it is said.' (The Natural History of Pliny, trans. by Bostock and Riley, Vol. 5, 1856)

Pharmacographica Indica, Dymock, 1893:
'Mistletoe is the [?] of Theophrastus and Dioscorides, and was considered by the ancients to have discutient properties. It was applied to disperse tumors and to mature abscesses, and was given internally in enlargement of the spleen. Matthiolus and Paracelsus recommend it in epilepsy, and Kolderer, Cartheusar, Colbatch, Lbseke, Van Swieten and others have stated that they found it beneficial not only in this disease, but in other convulsive affections. This plant was formerly held to be sacred in Europe, and in ancient Britain it was cut with a golden sickle by a Druid in white robes, amid the sacrifice of victims and the fasting of devotees. Thus obtained, the Gwid was considered a heal-all, a charm against disasters, and the emblem of fertility. Assuchitwas a special object of worship with the ancient Britons, who called it uchelfa, a high place, uchellawr, the most exalted, uchelwydd, the lofty shrub, awyrbren, the ethereal tree, prenpuraur, the tree of pure gold, &c.— names still surviving in the Welsh language. Pliny (xvi., 93, 94, 95) describes the Viscum, and the method of making birdlime from it; he also notices the superstitions held concerning it by the Gauls, and its worship on the fifth day of the moon, the day which is the beginning of their months and years. A festival in honour of the mistletoe called Guilanleu or Guilanneuf (gui de l'an neuf) was held in France as late as the 16th century, and in England the plant still hangs in the hall at Christmas.

The dried berries sold in the bazars as Kismish-kawali, or more correctly Kismish-i-kawaliyan, are also called Muizak-i-asli, and in Arabic, Dibk.

Kawaii or Eauli is the name of a gipsy tribe in Persia. Baron C. A. de Bode, in his Travels in Luristan and Arabistan (Vol. II., p. 100), mentions his being shown in the forests of the Zagros mountains, on the road from Kirmanshah to Baghdad, a fruit called by the natives Angur-i-Kauli, or grapes of the Kauli, which grow on the Mazu or gall-tree (oak), of it yellowish transparent colour, sometimes used as glue.

The hakim Dawud says of Dibk (in a passage which is 
imperfect in the Taj el Arus) "it is found upon the tree in like manner as lichen but is a berry, like the chickpea in roundness; . . . . the best thereof is the smooth, soft, with much moisture, inclining, in its exterior, to greenness, and it is mostly found upon the oak; when it is cooked with honey and [?] (juice of fresh dates, &c.) . . . . and drawn out into longish strings, and put upon trees, the birds become caught by it." (Madd el Kanais.) The author of the Makhan-el-Adiriya has the following account of it:— "A berry smaller than the seed of Cicer arietinum, green when fresh, but when dry shrivelled and of a brown colour, the contents are moist and viscid, the seeds about the size of poppy-seeds. The plant is parasitic upon the pear and other trees, and consists of several branches, the leaves are like those of the pomegranate, and of a pale green. Properties resolvent and laxative, a solvent of corrupt humors which it withdraws from the system. When steeped in hot water, strained, and beaten up with the kernels of the walnut or castor oil (which is the usual form of administra-tion), it clears the system of adust bile and phlegm, removes obstructions, and is a remedy for lumbago, piles, &c. Applied externally it promotes the suppuration, or causes the dispersion of tumors or enlargements. Sportsmen use it as birdlime, and dyers as a mordant for crimson."

Of recent years, mistletoe has again attracted attention as a medicine. Dr. W. H. Long (New Remedies, 1878, p. 112) after, ten years experience of it as an oxytocic, arrived at the conclusion that it is superior to ergot. He used it also in the forms of infusion, tincture, decoction and fluid extract in many cases of menorrhagia and post-partum haemorrhage with gratifying results. He conceived that it incited the natural, rather than the tonic, contraction of the uterus. A physician in South Carolina refers to three cases of abortion in negroes produced by this plant. (Med. Rec, xvii., 276; Stille and Maisch., Nat. Disp., 1884, p. 1617.) Dr. R. Park speaks of a tincture of Viscum album as a valuable substitute for Digitalis; the ecbolic action of the plant, he says, is more energetic than that of ergot. Dose, 10— 60 grains.'
Viscum spp.
GENERAL / REVIEW
–Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anti-proliferative activity of Viscum album ethanolic extracts
–Evaluation of seasonal changes of triterpenic acid contents in Viscum album from different host trees
–Isolation and properties of three lectins from mistletoe (Viscum album L.).
–African Mistletoes (Loranthaceae); Ethnopharmacology, Chemistry and Medicinal Values: An Update
–Parasitic Mistletoes of the Genera Scurrula and Viscum: From Bench to Bedside

ANTIBACTERIAL
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

ANTI-VIRAL
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

ANTIFUNGAL
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

ANALGESIC
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
–Viscum album Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effect by Selectively Inhibiting Cytokine-Induced Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2
–Anti-inflammatory effect of Viscum album agglutinin-I (VAA-I): induction of apoptosis in activated neutrophils and inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced neutrophilic inflammation in vivo
–The Potential Role of Korean Mistletoe Extract as an Anti-Inflammatory Supplementation

ANTIOXIDANT
–Comparative Study on Phytochemical Profile and Antioxidant Activity of an Epiphyte, Viscum album L. (White Berry Mistletoe), Derived from Different Host Trees

IMMUNOMODULATORY
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action
–Viscum album neutralizes tumor-induced immunosuppression in a human in vitro cell model
–Mistletoe and Immunomodulation: Insights and Implications for Anticancer Therapies
–Difficulties and Perspectives of Immunomodulatory Therapy with Mistletoe Lectins and Standardized Mistletoe Extracts in Evidence-Based Medicine

HEPATOPROTECTIVE
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

VASODILATORY
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

ANTI-HYPERTENSIVE
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action
–Role of natural herbs in the treatment of hypertension

SEDATIVE
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

ANTI-ANXIETY
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

ANTI-DEPRESSANT
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

EPILEPSY
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action
–Neuroprotective Natural Products for Alzheimer’s Disease

ANTI-PSYCHOTIC
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

DIABETES
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action
–The prophylactic effect of Viscum album in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
–Protein Fractions from Korean Mistletoe (Viscum Album coloratum) Extract Induce Insulin Secretion from Pancreatic Beta Cells

CARDIOPROTECTIVE
–Cardioprotective effects of Viscum album L. ssp. album (Loranthaceae) on isoproterenol-induced heart failure via regulation of the nitric oxide pathway in rats

HEPATOPROTECTIVE
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

NEPHROPROTECTIVE
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

CYTOTOXIC
–Mistletoe lectin is not the only cytotoxic component in fermented preparations of Viscum album from white fir (Abies pectinata)

MUSCLE ATROPHY / HYPERTROPHY
–Korean mistletoe (Viscum album coloratum) extract regulates gene expression related to muscle atrophy and muscle hypertrophy

WOUND HEALING
'–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action

CANCER
–Phytochemical analysis and in vitro anti-proliferative activity of Viscum album ethanolic extracts
–Biological activity of mistletoe: in vitro and in vivo studies and mechanisms of action
–Clinical safety of combined therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and Viscum album L. therapy in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer
–Use and Safety of Viscum album L Applications in Cancer Patients With Preexisting Autoimmune Diseases: Findings From the Network Oncology Study
–Induction of maturation and activation of human dendritic cells: A mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of Viscum album as complimentary therapy in cancer
–Induction of apoptosis of endothelial cells by Viscum album: a role for anti-tumoral properties of mistletoe lectins.
–
Viscum album (L.) in experimental animal tumors: A meta-analysis
–Impact of Mistletoe Triterpene Acids on the Uptake of Mistletoe Lectin by Cultured Tumor Cells
–
Safety of Intravenous Application of Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) Preparations in Oncology: An Observational Study
–Oncopharmacological Perspectives of a Plant Lectin (Viscum album Agglutinin-I): Overview of Recent Results from In vitro Experiments and In vivo Animal Models, and Their Possible Relevance for Clinical Applications
–Mistletoe and Immunomodulation: Insights and Implications for Anticancer Therapies
–Natural health products that inhibit angiogenesis: a potential source for investigational new agents to treat cancer—Part 1
–Transiently Expressed Mistletoe Lectin II in Nicotiana benthamiana Demonstrates Anticancer Activity In Vitro
–Quality of life in cancer patients treated with mistletoe: a systematic review and meta-analysis
–Mistletoe-Extract Drugs Stimulate Anti-Cancer Vγ9Vδ2 T Cells
–Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Cancer Pain: An Overview of Systematic Reviews
–Survival of cancer patients treated with mistletoe extract (Iscador): a systematic literature review
–Mechanisms involved in Korean mistletoe lectin-induced apoptosis of cancer cells
–Safety of intravenously applied mistletoe extract – results from a phase I dose escalation study in patients with advanced cancer
ADENOID CYSTIC CARCINOMA
–Tumour response following high-dose intratumoural application of Viscum album on a patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma
BLADDER
–High-Dose Viscum album Extract Treatment in the Prevention of Recurrent Bladder Cancer: A Retrospective Case Series
Clinical safety of combined therapy of immune checkpoint inhibitors and Viscum album L. therapy in patients with advanced or metastatic cancer
CANCER CONTINUED:
BONE
–A Randomized Study on Postrelapse Disease-Free Survival with Adjuvant Mistletoe versus Oral Etoposide in Osteosarcoma Patients
BRAIN
–Mistletoe-Based Drugs Work in Synergy with Radio-Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Glioma In Vitro and In Vivo in Glioblastoma Bearing Mice
–Adjuvant Therapy Using Mistletoe Containing Drugs Boosts the T-Cell-Mediated Killing of Glioma Cells and Prolongs the Survival of Glioma Bearing Mice
–Fermented Mistletoe Extract as a Multimodal Antitumoral Agent in Gliomas
BREAST
–Impact of Oncological Therapy and Viscum album L Treatment on Cancer-Related Fatigue and Internal Coherence in Nonmetastasized Breast Cancer Patients
–Viscum album L. extracts in breast and gynaecological cancers: a systematic review of clinical and preclinical research
–Five-Year Follow-Up of Patients with Early Stage Breast Cancer After a Randomized Study Comparing Additional Treatment with Viscum Album (L.) Extract to Chemotherapy Alone
–Distinct Modulatory Effects of Fever-Range Hyperthermia on the Response of Breast Cancer Cells and Macrophages to Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) Extract
–Analysis of Changes in Cancer-Related Fatigue of Breast Cancer Patients Receiving an Integrative Medicine Program
–Preclinical and Clinical Effects of Mistletoe against Breast Cancer
CERVICAL
–Intralesional and subcutaneous application of Viscum album L. (European mistletoe) extract in cervical carcinoma in situ: A CARE compliant case report
–Viscum album L. extracts in breast and gynaecological cancers: a systematic review of clinical and preclinical research
–Intralesional and subcutaneous application of Viscum album L. (European mistletoe) extract in cervical carcinoma in situ: A CARE compliant case report: Erratum
GASTRIC
–Reducing Malignant Ascites and Long-Term Survival in a Patient with Recurrent Gastric Cancer Treated with a Combination of Docetaxel and Mistletoe Extract
–Quality of life, immunomodulation and safety of adjuvant mistletoe treatment in patients with gastric carcinoma – a randomized, controlled pilot study
GYNECOLOGICAL
–Viscum album L. extracts in breast and gynaecological cancers: a systematic review of clinical and preclinical research
LEUKEMIA
–P01.33. A new development of Triterpene Acids-containing extracts from Viscum album L. displays synergistic induction of apoptosis in childhood leukemia
–Medicinal Plants with Anti-Leukemic Effects: A Review
LIPOSARCOMA
–Long-Term Survival of a Patient with Recurrent Dedifferentiated High-Grade Liposarcoma of the Retroperitoneum Under Adjuvant Treatment with Viscum album L. Extract: A Case Report
LIVER
–Recombinant VAA-I from Viscum album Induces Apoptotic Cell Death of Hepatocellular Carcinoma SMMC7721 Cells
–Mistletoe extract Fraxini inhibits the proliferation of liver cancer by down-regulating c-Myc expression
–Phase II study of viscum fraxini-2 in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
LUNG
–Overall survival of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with Viscum album L. in addition to chemotherapy, a real-world observational multicenter analysis
–Cost-effectiveness of real-world administration of chemotherapy and add-on Viscum album L. therapy compared to chemotherapy in the treatment of stage IV NSCLC patients
–Medicinal Plants and Other Living Organisms with Antitumor Potential against Lung Cancer
MELANOMA
–Phenolic compounds from Viscum album tinctures enhanced antitumor activity in melanoma murine cancer cells
–Complete remission and long-term survival of a patient with melanoma metastases treated with high-dose fever-inducing Viscum album extract: A case report
MESOTHELIOMA
–Minor regression and long-time survival (56 months) in a patient with malignant pleural mesothelioma under Viscum album and Helleborus niger extracts—a case report
METASTASIS
–Durable clinical remission of a skull metastasis under intralesional Viscum album extract therapy: Case report
–Complete remission and long-term survival of a patient with melanoma metastases treated with high-dose fever-inducing Viscum album extract: A case report
MYELOMA
–Investigation of the Proliferation, Apoptosis/Necrosis, and Cell Cycle Phases in Several Human Multiple Myeloma Cell Lines. Comparison of Viscum album QuFrF Extract with Vincristine in an In Vitro Model
OVARIAN
–Long-Term Tumor-Free Survival in a Patient with Stage IV Epithelial Ovarian Cancer Undergoing High-Dose Chemotherapy and Viscum album Extract Treatment: A Case Report
PANCREATIC
–Long-term survival of a patient with advanced pancreatic cancer under adjunct treatment with Viscum album extracts: A case report
–Cost-Effectiveness of Real-World Administration of Concomitant Viscum album L. Therapy for the Treatment of Stage IV Pancreatic Cancer
–
Long-term tumor-free survival in a metastatic pancreatic carcinoma patient with FOLFIRINOX/Mitomycin, high-dose, fever inducing Viscum album extracts and subsequent R0 resection: A case report
–Efficacy of mistletoe extract as a complement to standard treatment in advanced pancreatic cancer: study protocol for a multicentre, parallel group, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial (MISTRAL)
–Natural Products for Pancreatic Cancer Treatment: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Drug Discovery
–
Integrated Cancer Treatment in the Course of Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: Complete Resolution in 2 Cases
RENAL CELL CARCINOMA
–Chemoimmunotherapy in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case Report of a Long-Term Survivor Adjunctly Treated with Viscum album Extracts
SARCOMA
–Multiple Active Compounds from Viscum album L. Synergistically Converge to Promote Apoptosis in Ewing Sarcoma

HYPERTHERMIA TREATMENT IN CANCER USING MISTLETOE
–Fever Therapy With Intravenously Applied Mistletoe Extracts for Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study
–Complete remission and long-term survival of a patient with melanoma metastases treated with high-dose fever-inducing Viscum album extract: A case report
–Distinct Modulatory Effects of Fever-Range Hyperthermia on the Response of Breast Cancer Cells and Macrophages to Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) Extract

ANTHROPOSOPHIC USE IN CANCER THERAPY
–Anthroposophic Medicine: An Integrative Medical System Originating in Europe
–Anthroposophic Medicine: A Short Monograph and Narrative Review—Foundations, Essential Characteristics, Scientific Basis, Safety, Effectiveness and Misconceptions
–Evaluation of Preclinical Assays to Investigate an Anthroposophic Pharmaceutical Process Applied to Mistletoe (Viscum album L.) Extracts

COMBINATION WITH CHEMOTHERAPY / RADIOTHERAPY
–Interaction of standardized mistletoe (Viscum album) extracts with chemotherapeutic drugs regarding cytostatic and cytotoxic effects in vitro
–Absence of herb-drug interactions of mistletoe with the tamoxifen metabolite (E/Z)-endoxifen and cytochrome P450 3A4/5 and 2D6 in vitro
–Iscador Qu inhibits doxorubicin-induced senescence of MCF7 cells
–Mistletoe-Based Drugs Work in Synergy with Radio-Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Glioma In Vitro and In Vivo in Glioblastoma Bearing Mice
–Reducing Malignant Ascites and Long-Term Survival in a Patient with Recurrent Gastric Cancer Treated with a Combination of Docetaxel and Mistletoe Extract
–NCCAM/NCI Phase 1 Study of Mistletoe Extract and Gemcitabine in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors

Loranthus spp.
GENERAL / REVIEW
–Quality Evaluation of Taxilli Herba from Different Hosts Based on Simultaneous Determination of Multiple Bioactive Constituents Combined with Multivariate Statistical Analysis
–Loranthus ferrugineus: a Mistletoe from Traditional Uses to Laboratory Bench
–Loranthus micranthus Linn.: Biological Activities and Phytochemistry.
–Phytochemistry and biology of Loranthus parasiticus Merr, a commonly used herbal medicine.

ANTI-BACTERIAL
–The Bactericidal Activity of Protein Extracts from Loranthus europaeus Berries: A Natural Resource of Bioactive Compounds.

ANTI-ALLERGY
–Inhibitory Effect of Loranthus parasiticus on IgE-Mediated Allergic Responses in RBL-2H3 Cells.

IMMUNOSTIMULATORY
–A novel sesquiterpene acid and an alkaloid from leaves of the Eastern Nigeria mistletoe, Loranthus micranthus with potent immunostimulatory activity on C57BL6 mice splenocytes and CD69 molecule.
–Immunomodulatory activity of a lupane triterpenoid ester isolated from the eastern Nigeria mistletoe, Loranthus micranthus (Linn).

REDUCES WEIGHT
–Parasitic loranthus from Loranthaceae rather than Viscaceae potently inhibits fatty acid synthase and reduces body weight in mice.
CARDIOVASCULAR
–Cardiovascular activity of the n-butanol fraction of the methanol extract of Loranthus ferrugineus Roxb.

HYPERTENSION
–
Evaluation of the Possible Mechanisms of Antihypertensive Activity of Loranthus micranthus: An African Mistletoe.
–Characterization of the possible mechanisms underlying the hypotensive and spasmogenic effects of Loranthus ferrugineus methanolic extract.

RHEUMATISM
–[Antirheumatic substance and meridian tropism of Loranthus parasiticus based on "syndrome-efficacy-analysis of biological samples"].

NEUROPROTECTIVE
–Neuroprotective properties of Loranthus parasiticus aqueous fraction against oxidative stress-induced damage in NG108-15 cells.
–Bioassay-guided isolation of neuroprotective compounds from Loranthus parasiticus against H₂O₂-induced oxidative damage in NG108-15 cells.

MEMORY
–The Effects of Loranthus parasiticus on Scopolamine-Induced Memory Impairment in Mice

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
–Identification of Polyphenolics from Loranthus globosus as Potential Inhibitors of Cholinesterase and Oxidative Stress for Alzheimer's Disease Treatment

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