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Phoenix, Date palm

Kharjura (Ayurveda)
Khurma (Unani)
Tamar, Balha (Arabic)
'Bra go  འབྲ་གོ  (Tibetan)
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Ortus Sanitatis, Meydenbach, 1491
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Parkinson, Theatrum Botanicum, 1640

New Kreuterbuch, Matthiolus, 1563

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Duhamel du Monceau, H.L., Traité des arbres et arbustes, Nouvelle édition [Nouveau Duhamel], vol. 4 (1809)

Botanical name:
Phoenix dactylifera (syn. P. sylvestris)

Parts used:
Dried Fruit; Black, Yellow, Red, as well as Sweet and Sour varieties are known. The Egyptian is regarded as best.
Date Kernels are occasionally used, primarily in Diacameron Minus and Diacameron Majus

Temperature & Taste:
Warm, dry. Sweet

Classifications:
2S. STRENGTHENING.    2U. SUPPURATIVE
3I. APHRODISIAC.    3K. EXPECTORANT.    3L. ANTI-TUSSIVE
4d. PECTORAL.    4e. STOMACHIC.    4j. NERVINE

Uses:
1. Nourishes Qi and Blood:

-nutritive tonic; Arabs regard it as the ‘King of Fruit’.

-Theban Dates restore strength, either eaten, or taken with aged Hydromel. (Dioscorides)
-restorative, tonic; good for Debility, Fatigue
-Debility, Anemia, and to promote Longevity.
-Especially useful in convalescence after Fever, Chronic Illness, and in Consumption.

2. Warms and Strengthens the Kidneys:
-nourishes Semen; Aphrodisiac
-Impotence and Sterility
-strengthens in Threatened Miscarriage

3. Benefits the Lungs, Clears Cold-Phlegm, Stops Cough:
-chronic Cough, Bronchitis, Asthma, Tuberculosis etc.
-best suited to cold-type Cough and Cough from Lung weakness

4. Gentle Laxative:
-basis for Purgative compounds; Chronic Constipation, particularly in the old or weak.

5. Resists Poison:
-Dysentery, Infections and for Candida.
-infusion of fresh Dates relieves drunkenness (India)
-adjunct in Cancers of the Abdomen, Colon, Liver, Mouth, Spleen, Stomach, Testes, Vagina, Throat, Uterus, and Vagina (Duke)

6. Externally:
-a paste of the seeds is applied to Corneal opacity.
-fumes from the burning seed are applied to Piles; the fruit plastered on was applied to hemorrhoids (Dioscorides)
-powder or ash of the seeds are applied as a Hemostatic to wounds and are antiseptic.
-Seed powder is used to clean the Teeth.


Comment:
1. Fresh Dates are more astringent and were used for Diarrhea, Leukorrhea etc. (Dioscorides)
2. Date stones were also carbonised and used as an astringent, and to stop sweating. (Dioscorides)
3. Date stones were also used to promote Labor.

Dose:
3–5 fruits, decocted or eaten

Correctives:
Vinegar

Substitutes:
1. Raisins (Unani)
2. Chinese Red or Black 'Dates' (Jujubes, Da Zao) can be substituted for Dates in most cases

Main Combinations:
1. Cough, Bronchitis:
i. phlegm-Heat Cough, decoct Sour Dates with Figs, Jujubes, Hops, Chicory, Purslane, Violet and the Cold Seeds (as in Decoction of Fruit)
ii. Dates with Figs, Raisins, Barley, Licorice, Maidenhair, Hyssop and Coltsfoot (as in Pectoral Decoction)
iii. Dates with Figs, Currants, Hyssop, Mallows, Licorice, Barley, Fennel
iv. chronic Cough, Dates with Fenugreek, Cinnamon, Hyssop, Licorice, Jujube, Fig, Maidenhair, Aniseed, Orris, Mint, Almond (as in Confection for Cold Cough)
v. Date, Lesser Galangal, Ginger, Licorice (Siddha)
2. Asthma:
i. Dates with Barley, Elecampane, Fennel root, Licorice, Raisin, Colstfoot, Hyssop, Horehound, Maidenhair, Aniseed (as in Anti-Asthmatic Syrup)
ii. Dates with Fig, Raisin, Celery seed, Fennel seed, Maidenhair, Licorice, Hyssop, Horehound (as in Decoction for Asthma)
iii. Dates with Pine nut, Raisin, Sweet Almond, Licorice, Ginger, Tragacanth, Frankincense, Mastic, Linseed (as in Antidotum Asthmaticus)
3. Consumption and Yin deficiency:
i. Dates with Poppy seed, Raisin, Licorice, 4 Cold Seeds
ii. Dates with Snail flesh, Barley, Raisin, Licorice, 4 Cold seeds, Poppy seed, Coltsfoot, Violet (as in Syrup Against Consumption)
4. Aphrodisiac, and to increase Sperm, Dates with Pistachio, Almond, Nutmeg, Clove, Cinnamon, Saffron
5. Arthritis, Dates with Guaiacum, Elecampane, Senna (as in Decoction of Guaiacum)
6. Excess Menstruation, Dates with Red Earth, Mastic, Amber, Coriander (as in Powder for Menstrual Flux)
7. Threatened Miscarriage:
i. Dates with Chebulic Myrobalan, Conserve of Rose, Red Coral, Pearl (as in Electuary Against Miscarriage)
ii. Dates with Water Lily, Sandalwood, Bistort, Nutmeg (as in Decoction of Water Lily)
8. To restore strength, Dates with Hydromel. (Dioscorides)
9. To promote Labor, powder of Date stones with Betony. (Natura exenterata, Philiatros, 1655)
10. After childbirth, Date stones, Cumin, Grains of Paradise, Saffron taken with wine. (Natura exenterata, Philiatros, 1655)

Major Formulas:
Decoction of Fruit
Pectoral Decoction (London, 1650)
Decoction for Asthma (Zacharia)
Syrup of Hyssop Compound (Mesue)
Syrup of Hyssop of Amaran
Electuary of Dates (Diaphoenicum) (Mesue)
Electuary of Hyssop (Diahyssopus) (Nicholas)
Electuary of Pine Nuts (Looch de Pino) (Mesue)
A Sound and Experienced Electuary (Mesue)
Antidotum Asthmaticus (Nicholas)
Diacameron Magna (Diathamaron) (Nicholas)

Cautions:
They are rich and sweet. Excess can be hard to digest and promote Damp.

Main Preparations used:
Electuary of Dates

  • Extra Info
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GENERAL / REVIEW
–Phytotherapeutic potential and pharmaceutical impact of Phoenix dactylifera (date palm): current research and future prospects
–Biochemical Changes and Antioxidant Variations in Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Varieties during Flower Induction and Development
–Total phenolic content in ripe date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera L.): A systematic review and meta-analysis
–Date Palm Tree (Phoenix dactylifera L.): Natural Products and Therapeutic Options
–Dietary fiber components, microstructure, and texture of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera, L.)
–STUDIES ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES OF BIOACTIVE MOLECULES FROM DATE PALM (PHOENIXDACTYLIFERA L.) POLLENS AND SEEDS
–Date Seeds: A Promising Source of Oil with Functional Properties

ANTIOXIDANT
–Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruit as Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents
–Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antitumoral Effects of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract from Phoenix dactylifera L. Parthenocarpic Dates
–Therapeutic effects of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) in the prevention of diseases via modulation of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-tumour activity
–Comparative study of neuropharmacological, analgesic properties and phenolic profile of Ajwah, Safawy and Sukkari cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)
–Antioxidant activity of various Mauritanian date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruits at two edible ripening stages
–Comparison of Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenol Contents of some Date Seed Varieties from Iran

ANTIBACTERIAL
–Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruit as Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents
–Phenolic Composition and Antimicrobial Activity of Different Emirati Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pits: A Comparative Study
–The Antibacterial Activity of Date Syrup Polyphenols against S. aureus and E. coli
–Antimicrobial Activity of Polyphenols and Alkaloids in Middle Eastern Plants

ANTI-VIRAL
–In vitro Evaluation of the Antiviral Activity of an Extract of Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Pits on a Pseudomonas Phage

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY
–Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Fruit as Potential Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Agents
–Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antitumoral Effects of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract from Phoenix dactylifera L. Parthenocarpic Dates
–Phenolic profile and anti-inflammatory activity of four Moroccan date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) seed varieties
–Therapeutic effects of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) in the prevention of diseases via modulation of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-tumour activity
–Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera) on experimentally-induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats

HEPATOPROTECTIVE
–Protective Effect of Phoenix dactylifera L. Seeds against Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats: A Comparison with Vitamin C
–Hepatoprotective Activity of Some Medicinal Plants in Sudan

GASTROINTESTINAL STIMULANT
–Effects of Dates Pulp Extract and Palm Sap (Phoenix dactylifera L.) on Gastrointestinal Transit Activity in Healthy Rats

CARDIOVASCULAR
–Date Palm Fruit (Phoenix dactylifera): Effects on Vascular Health and Future Research Directions

CARDIOPROTECTIVE:
–Date Palm (Phoenix dactylifera) Fruits as a Potential Cardioprotective Agent: The Role of Circulating Progenitor Cells

ANALGESIC
–Comparative study of neuropharmacological, analgesic properties and phenolic profile of Ajwah, Safawy and Sukkari cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)

NEUROPROTECTIVE
–Comparative study of neuropharmacological, analgesic properties and phenolic profile of Ajwah, Safawy and Sukkari cultivars of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera)

RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS
–The Role of Natural Products in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Knowledge of Basic In Vitro and In Vivo Research

INSOMNIA
–The effect of hydro-alcoholic of Phoenix Dactylifera extract on sleep and EEG in rat

PERFORMANCE ENHANCEMENT
–Dietary Supplementation of Phoenix dactylifera Seeds Enhances Performance, Immune Response, and Antioxidant Status in Broilers


IMMUNE ENHANCEMENT
–Dietary Supplementation of Phoenix dactylifera Seeds Enhances Performance, Immune Response, and Antioxidant Status in Broilers

FIBROLYTIC
–The antifibrotic and fibrolytic properties of date fruit extract via modulation of genotoxicity, tissue-inhibitor of metalloproteinases and nuclear factor- kappa B pathway in a rat model of hepatotoxicity

ANTI-TUMOR
–Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Antitumoral Effects of Aqueous Ethanolic Extract from Phoenix dactylifera L. Parthenocarpic Dates
–Therapeutic effects of date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera) in the prevention of diseases via modulation of anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-tumour activity

CANCER
–Date (Phoenix dactylifera) Polyphenolics and Other Bioactive Compounds: A Traditional Islamic Remedy’s Potential in Prevention of Cell Damage, Cancer Therapeutics and Beyond
–Anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activities of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera) on experimentally-induced atypical prostatic hyperplasia in rats
BREAST
–Anticancer activities of selected Emirati Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) varieties pits in human triple negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells
–Ajwa Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) Extract Inhibits Human Breast Adenocarcinoma (MCF7) Cells In Vitro by Inducing Apoptosis and Cell Cycle Arrest
–Phytochemicals from Ajwa dates pulp extract induce apoptosis in human triple-negative breast cancer by inhibiting AKT/mTOR pathway and modulating Bcl-2 family proteins
COLON
–The impact of date palm fruits and their component polyphenols, on gut microbial ecology, bacterial metabolites and colon cancer cell proliferation
LIVER
–Anti-cancer effects of Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.) in diethylnitrosamine induced hepatocellular carcinoma in Wistar rats
–Cytostatic and Anti-tumor Potential of Ajwa Date Pulp against Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma HepG2 Cells
MELANOMA
–Phoenix dactylifera L. Seed Extract Exhibits Antioxidant Effects and Attenuates Melanogenesis in B16F10 Murine Melanoma Cells by Downregulating PKA Signaling
PEDIATRIC CANCER
–Effects of Phoenix dactylifera Ajwa on Infection, Hospitalization, and Survival Among Pediatric Cancer Patients in a University Hospital: A Nonrandomized Controlled Trial

DOXORUBICIN-INDUCED TOXICITY
–Phoenix dactylifera Protects against Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiotoxicity and Nephrotoxicity

INFERTILITY
–ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF PHOENIX DACTYLIFERA L. POLLEN USED FOR THE TREATMENT OF INFERTILITY PROBLEMS IN ALGERIAN OASES
–Would Phoenix Dactyflera Pollen (palm seed) be considered as a treatment agent against Males’ infertility? A systematic review
–Herbal remedies used for the treatment of infertility in males and females by traditional healers in the rural areas of the West Bank/Palestine
–Morphine and Phoenix dactylifera (dates) effects on the histological features of male rat reproductive organs
–Effects of date palm pollen (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and Astragalus ovinus on sperm parameters and sex hormones in adult male rats
–Female infertility and herbal medicine: An overview of the new findings

APHRODISIAC
–Exploring scientifically proven herbal aphrodisiacs

TESTICULAR TOXICITY / DAMAGE
–Ameliorative Influence of Ajwa Dates on Ochratoxin A-Induced Testis Toxicity
–The prophylactic effect of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit extract on testicular toxicity induced by formaldehyde: An experimental study
–Short-term Effects of Date Palm Extract (Phoenix dactylifera) on Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Induced by Testicular Torsion/Detorsion in Rats

DIABETES
–Recent Progress for the Utilization of Curcuma longa, Piper nigrum and Phoenix dactylifera Seeds against Type 2 Diabetes
–Evaluation of the Antidiabetic and Antilipaemic Activities of the Hydroalcoholic Extract of Phoenix Dactylifera Palm Leaves and Its Fractions in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats
–In Vivo Evaluation of Anti Diabetic, Hypolipidemic, Antioxidative Activities of Saudi Date Seed Extract on Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats
–Potentials and Safety of Date Palm Fruit against Diabetes: A Critical Review
–Middle East Medicinal Plants in the Treatment of Diabetes: A Review
–Antidiabetic Potential of Medicinal Plants and Their Active Components
–Diabetes mellitus: An overview on its pharmacological aspects and reported medicinal plants having antidiabetic activity
–Dates fruits effects on blood glucose among patients with diabetes mellitus: A review and meta-analysis

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