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Cyperus, Cyperus, Xiang Fu 香附

Nutgrass; Sweet Cyperus
Xiang Fu (TCM)
Musta, Mustaka, Motha (Skt)
Nagarmotha, Saad-e-Kufi (Unani)

Dioscorides Materia Medica, Mathias, 1555

Krauterbuch, Lonitzer, 1578

Sibthrop & Smith, Flora Graeca, 1806

Cyperus rotundus (Adam, 2017)

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Botanical name:
Cyperus rotundus; C. scariosus
Two types were known, Long and Round:

1. Round or English Cyperus: root is brown, full of little knots, grey within; sharp taste but almost without smell when taken from the ground. Grows along the banks of rivers with triangular stalks.
2. Long Cyperus or Wild Galangal: knotty root, brown colored, grey within, pleasant scent when dried

Parts used:
Root

Temperature & Taste:
Warm, dry. Pungent, slightly Bitter and Sweet.

Classifications:
2A APERIENT.    2C INCIDERS.    2H. CARMINATIVE.    2I. ANTISPASMODIC.    2S. STRENGTHENING
3E. DIURETIC.    3G. EMMENAGOGUE.    3H. LACTAGOGUE.    3M. ARTHRITIC
4e. STOMACHIC.    4g. HEPATIC.    4k. ARTHRITIC
TCM:
J. Regulate Qi

Uses:
1. Moves Qi, Opens Obstructions of the Liver:
-hypochondriac distention and pain, chest and abdominal fullness
-Lumps and Tumors, especially of the Breast
-'deobstruent for the vessels'; 'warming drug for the ... Liver'. (Avicenna)
-'improves complexion and renders a pleasant odour to the body'. (Avicenna)

2. Moves the Qi, Calms the Mind and Nerves:
-Anxiety, Stress, Depression, Hyper-emotionalism
-Headaches, Migraines; Hypertension
-improves Memory (Avicenna)
-Palpitations with Anxiety

3. Moves the Qi, Clears Damp, Benefits the Stomach:
-'weakness and coldness of the Stomach' (Avicenna)
-Indigestion, Poor Appetite
-Stomach and Abdominal Pain and distention
-Diarrhea from Cold and Damp; Inflammatory diseases of the Bowels
-Obesity

4. Move the Qi and Blood, Regulates Menstruation:
-benefits the Uterus; 'useful for Coldness of the Uterus'. (Avicenna)
-Amenorrhea, Dysmenorrhea, Irregular Menstruation
-PMS, irritability, breast tenderness before Menstruation
-Morning Sickness, Restless Fetus disorder, Threatened Miscarriage
-important herb in gynecology and obstetrics

5. Clears Wind-Damp, Promotes Urine:
-beginning of Edema
-Strangury (Avicenna); Dysuria, Bladder Ulcers
-Gravel, Stones (proven effect) (Avicenna)
-Arthritic pain, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis
-Incontinence associated with Cold and Damp, or Qi stagnation

6. Externally:
-plaster is applied to the breast as a galactogogue.
-paste of the fresh root is applied to Scorpion Bites
-dried paste is applied to spreading Ulcers
-difficult, putrid and corrosive ulcers (Avicenna)
-powder is applied to moist Ulcers.
-topically for Mouth Ulcers
-chewed for bad Breath
-depilatory (Avicenna)
-boiled in oil and applied to the Bladder to promote Urine

DOSE:
1. With Oxymel to open obstructions
2. With Wine to move the Blood
Of the Powder: 500mg–3 grams
In Decoction: 3–12 grams

COMMENT
In Unani medicine, Cyperus has a useful function. When the Liver is cold, weak, and congested with excess undigested Humors, digestion suffers, absorption is poor and diarrhea occurs. Cyperus is useful to correct the condition. This is Liver Qi stagnation with coldness, or sometimes just referred to as Liver Coldness.

SUBSTITUTES:
1. Valerian (Unani)
2. Wormwood (Unani)
3. Fenugreek (Unani)
4. Cyperus rotundus is regarded as a substitute for the rare and endangered Aconitum heterophyllum.

CORRECTIVES:
Aniseed

PREPARATION:
Cyperus root is generally used in its dried state. However, it is also sometimes prepared. When used raw, it moves upward and outward to the chest and skin. When prepared it moves deeper into the body to effect the Liver, Kidneys and lower body.
1. Prepared Cyperus (Unani)
  Steep in water for 3 days, then dry.
2. Vinegar-prepared Cyperus (TCM, West)
  Stir-fried with Vinegar to enter the Liver and more strongly moves the blood, resolves masses and accumulations, and eases pain. Especially effective for pain from Qi stagnation. An example of the Western preparation with Vinegar appears below for Colic and Bloating.
3. Wine-prepared Cyperus (TCM)
  Soaked in wine then Stir-fried with Wine to penetrate the capillary circulation and open the channels.
4. Vinegar and Wine-prepared Cyperus. (TCM)
  The root is boiled in equal parts of rice vinegar and yellow rice wine, then dried in the sun. This is stronger to move Qi and Blood and eases pain.
5. Ginger-prepared Cyperus (TCM)
  The herb is soaked in Ginger juice, then stir-fried until dry. This preparation resolves warms the Stomach, promotes digestion, and resolves Phlegm and Mucus.
6. Preparation with Four Substances: (TCM)
  A traditional preparation where Cyperus is prepared with Rice wine, Rice vinegar, clarified Honey and Boy's urine then dry fried until dry; or according to other sources Wine, Salt, Ginger juice and Boy's urine. Another version used Seven substances: Wine, Vinegar, Salt, Brown Sugar, Ginger juice, Woman's Milk, Boy's Urine. Prepared by any of these methods corrects the adverse effects of Cyperus: it stops the draining effect on Qi and Blood and thus is better for Qi and Blood obstruction in patients with deficiency.
7. Charred Cyperus (TCM):
  Stir-fried in a dry Wok until scorched black but not reduced to charcoal, then sprayed with water and dried in the sun. This is stronger to stop Bleeding, and is especially useful for excess menstrual bleeding.

Main Combinations:
Gynecology, Obstetrics
1. Amenorrhea, Dysmenorrhea:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Dang Gui and Mugwort
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Saxifrage (Pimpinella) and Mace, tied in a nodule and steeped in wine (Herbarium Horstianum, 1630)
iii. Cyperus rotundus with Angelica, Valerian, Madder, Mugwort, Pennyroyal, Cinnamon (as in Emmenagogue Decoction)
iv. Cyperus rotundus with Madder, Cyperus, Asparagus root, Balm, Valerian, Mint, Pennyroyal, Licorice (as in Emmenagogue Syrup)
2. Irregular Menstruation:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Dang Gui and Peony root (TCM)
ii. with Intermittent Bleeding, Cyperus rotundus with Asparagus root, Ginger, Rose (Ayurveda)
3. Menorrhagia, Cyperus rotundus with Barberry, Swertia, Adhatoda (Vasaka) (Ayurveda)
4. Suffocation of the Uterus:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Calamus (Herbarium Horstianum, 1630)
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Calamus, Zedoary, Bay berry (Herbarium Horstianum, 1630)
5. Uterine pain from Wind:
i. take Cyperus powder (1 dram) with white wine
ii. Cyperus, Pennyroyal, Rue
iii. Cyperus, Paeonia Bai Shao, Ligusticum Chuan Xiong
6. Infertility, Cyperus rotundus with Madder, Mugwort, Mint, Wormwood, Fennel root, Marjoram, Calamus, Aniseed, Balm (as in Electuary to Promote Fertility)
7. Uterine diseases, and to promote Fertility, Mango kernel with Woodfordia, Licorice, Cyperus rotundus, Sandalwood (Ayurveda)
8. Morning Sickness, Cyperus rotundus with Ginger and Coriander
9. To promote Breast Milk, prepare a decoction with Cyperus rotundus and  Tribulus seed (TCM)
10. Breast Lumps, Nodules, Hyperplasia:
i. Cyperus rotundus (honey-fried), Magnolia cortex Hou Po, Costus (Mu Xiang), Curcuma Yu Jin, dry-fried Dang Gui, Safflower (Hong Hua), Mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng), dry-fried Paeonia Bai Shao (The Formulas of Dr. John H.F. Shen)
ii. Cyperus rotundus (vinegar prepared), Bupleurum Chai Hu, Citrus Qing Pi, Paeonia Chi Shao Yao, Salvia Dan Shen, Spatholobus Ji Xue Teng, Oyster shell (Mu Li), Laminaria Kun Bu, Dodder seed (Tu Si Zi) (as in Ru Ji Ling Ke Li)

Digestive
11. Colic, Bloating, Digestive stagnation:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Coriander seed, Cardamon
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Wormwood, Mint, Clove, Nutmeg, soak in vinegar, then toasted and applied warm to the Stomach. (Herbarium Horstianum, 1630)
12. Coldness and pain of the Stomach:
i. Cyperus rotundus, Galangal, Clove, Wormwood, Mint
ii. Cyperus rotundus, Wormwood, taken with Diagalanga and Diacyminum
13. Loss of Appetite:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Ginger
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Cinnamon, Aniseed, Celery, Mint, Calamint, Zedoary, Clove
14. Liver Qi Stagnation with poor digestion:
i. Cyperus rotundus, Cinnamon, Ginger, Orange peel
ii. Cyperus rotundus, Mastic, Wormwood, Aniseed
15. Diarrhea, Cyperus rotundus with Pomegranate rind, Holarrhena, Aegle (Ayurveda)
16. Gastritis:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Galangal (TCM)
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Swertia (or Gentian), Licorice
17. Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Cyperus rotundus, Holarrhena, Mesua ferrea, Licorice, Emblic Myrobalan
18. Obesity:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Costus and Ginger (Ayurveda)
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Fennel seed
iii. Cyperus rotundus with Poria Fu Ling and Citrus unshiu
iv. Cyperus rotundus with Plumbago, Embelia ribes ('Trimad', Ayurvedic patent)
19. Worms, Parasites and Candida, Cyperus rotundus with Asafetida, Turmeric, Cinnamon, Picrorrhiza (Ayurveda)

Liver:
20. Liver Qi Stagnation/Liver Coldness:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Cinnamon
ii. Cyperus rotundus with aged Citrus peel (Chen Pi), Bupleurum Chai Hu, Peonia Bai Shao
iii. Liver congestion, Cyperus rotundus with Neem, Barberry, Tinospora (Ayurveda)
21. Liver Heat:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Picrorrhiza
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Andrographis
iii. Cyperus rotundus with Coptis Huang Lian, Paeonia Bai Shao

Urinary:
22. Painful urination, Dysuria:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Agrimony
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Poria Fu Ling
23. Incontinence:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Indian Spikenard, French Lavender, Frankincense bark, Cumin (as in Powder for Incontinence)
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Comfrey, Galangal, Plantain, Horsetail, Rue seed, Agnus Castus, Frankincense (as in Wine for Incontinence)
24. Urinary stones:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Madder, Celery seed
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Cubeb (Unani, proven effect)

Other:
25. Fever:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Ginger, Red Sandalwood and Gentian (Ayurveda)
ii. from excess Bile (Pitta), with Basil and Andrographis (Ayurveda)
iii. Chronic Fever, or Fever with Diarrhea, Cyperus rotundus with Swertia (Chiretta), Tinospora, Ginger (Ayurveda)
26. Dysentery and Diarrhea, Cyperus root is beaten with fresh Ginger and mixed with Honey
27. Sexual Transmitted Diseases and Urinary Tract Infections, Cyperus rotundus with Picrorrhiza, Sandalwood and Ginger (Ayurveda)
28. Arthritis, Rheumatism:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Bdellium, Tribulus seed, Triphala (3 fruit), Trikatu (3 pungents), Cinnamon
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Frankincense, Shilajit, Zinc Bhasma
29. Chronic Inflammation:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Astragalus Huang Qi, Andrographis
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Frankincense, Turmeric, Ginger
iii. Cyperus rotundus with Barberry, Licorice
30. Impotence in middle age, and to promote virility into old age, Cyperus rotundus with Poria Fu Ling, made into pills with Honey. (Chinese Materia Medica, Stuauoft)
31. Loss of Memory:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Frankincense, Calamus (as in Electuary for Amnesia)
ii. Cyperus rotundus with Frankincense, Black Pepper (as in Electuary of Frankincense)
32. Angina Pectoris:
i. Cyperus rotundus, Storax, Saffron
ii. Burnt Deer Horn (Bhasma) with Cyperus rotundus and Arjuna (Ayurveda)
33. Headaches, Migraines, boil Cyperus rotundus, then dry, powder, mix with Honey and form pills. (Chinese Materia Medica, Stuauoft)
34. Anxiety:
i. Cyperus rotundus with Valerian (Ayurveda)
ii. Cyperus rotundus, Rose, Balm, Peony, Sandalwood
35. Depression:
i. Cyperus rotundus, St. Johns wort, Balm, Saffron
ii. Cyperus rotundus, Lindera Wu Yao, Aloeswood (Chen Xiang), Licorice (Gan Cao), Platycodon Jie Geng, Citrus Zhi Shi. (Korean Formula)
36. To promote Longevity, Cyperus rotundus has been combined with Plantain seed. Pills of these two ingredients were said to restore black hair and promote longevity and virility. (Chinese Materia Medica, Stuauoft)

Major Formulas:
Emmenagogue Decoction (Riverius)
Emmenagogue Syrup
Syrup of Mugwort (Augustana)
Powder of Aloeswood (Mesue)
Powder for Loss of Appetite Greater (Nicholas)
Powder to Warm and Bind the Belly
Powder for Incontinence
Powder to Strengthen the Memory
Powder for Evil Complexion of the Heart (Isaac)
Powder to Quell Excess Lust (Nicholas)
Troches for Hardness of the Liver
Letificans Electuary of Filius Zacharia
Expert Confection for Tremors
Electuary of Frankincense (Wirtzung)
Electuary of Frankincense (Unani)
Electuary for Amnesia (Unani)
Electuary for Incontinence (Riverius)
Electuary of Seseli (Nicholas)
Electuary Against Sterility (Nicholas)
Electuary to Promote Fertility (Wirtzung)
Electuary of Aloeswood (Avicenna)
Electuary which is Remarkably Effective
Indian Electuary Greater (Mesue)
Letificans Electuary of Filius Zacharia
Antidote Experienced Against Cold Gout & All Feet Pain
Antidote for the Liver and Chronic Cough
Pills to Crumble Kidney Stones (Unani)
Powder for Head Wounds (Andernacus)

Chai Hu Shu Gan San
Ge Xia Zhu Yu Tang
Su He Xiang Wan
Decoction for Morning Sickness (Ayurveda)

Cautions:
Generally Safe.
1. Not use in marked weakness (Qi deficiency), Yin deficiency or strong Heat.
2. Avicenna noted its excess use makes the hair grow thin.

Main Preparations used:

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GENERAL:
–Plants in traditional medicine with special reference to Cyperus rotundus L.: a review.
–Pharmacological validation of the folkloric uses of Cyperus rotundus L. in different ailments: An in vivo and in vitro research.
–Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, DNA Damage Protective, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities of Cyperus rotundus Rhizomes Essential Oil against Foodborne Pathogens.
–Morphological and Chemoprofile (Liquid Chromatography-mass Spectroscopy and Gas Chromatography-mass Spectroscopy) Comparisons of Cyperus scariosus R. Br and Cyperus rotundus L.
–Cyperus rotundus L.: Traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities.
–Pharmacological, antioxidant, genotoxic studies and modulation of rat splenocyte functions by Cyperus rotundus extracts.

ANTI-BACTERIAL
–Cell Toxicity and inhibitory effects of Cyperus rotundus extract on Streptococcus mutans, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Candida albicans.
–Comparison Between Antibacterial Effect of Chlorhexidine 0.2% and Different Concentrations of Cyperus rotundus Extract: An In vitro Study.
–Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, DNA Damage Protective, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities of Cyperus rotundus Rhizomes Essential Oil against Foodborne Pathogens.
–Bactericidal Effect of Selected Antidiarrhoeal Medicinal Plants on Intracellular Heat-Stable Enterotoxin-Producing Escherichia coli.
–In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus.

ANTI-MYCOBACTERIAL:
–Anti-mycobacterial activity of some medicinal plants used traditionally by tribes from Madhya Pradesh, India for treating tuberculosis related symptoms.

ANTI-DIARRHOEAL:
–Studies on the activity of Cyperus rotundus Linn. tubers against infectious diarrhea.
–Antidiarrhoeal activity of Cyperus rotundus.

ANTI-VIRAL:
–Antiviral screening of forty-two Egyptian medicinal plants.

ANTI-ALLERGY:
–Anti-allergic activity of sesquiterpenes from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus.

ANTI-INFLAMMATORY:
–Anti-inflammatory terpenoids from Cyperus rotundus rhizomes.
–α-Cyperone inhibits LPS-induced inflammation in BV-2 cells through activation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 and suppression of the NF-κB pathway.
–Assessment of anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and neuro-pharmacological activities of Cyperus rotundus Linn.
–Antiinflammatory activity of Phyllanthus emblica, Plumbago zeylanica and Cyperus rotundus in acute models of inflammation.

ANTI-OXIDANT / FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGING:
–In vitro Antioxidant Potentials of Cyperus rotundus L. Rhizome Extracts and Their Phytochemical Analysis.
–Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, DNA Damage Protective, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities of Cyperus rotundus Rhizomes Essential Oil against Foodborne Pathogens.
–Free radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory constituents from Indian sedges, Cyperus scariosus R.Br and Cyperus rotundus L.
–LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of total oligomeric flavonoid fraction of Cyperus rotundus and its antioxidant, macromolecule damage protective and antihemolytic effects.
–Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and apoptotic activities of Cyperus rotundus.
–HPTLC and reverse phase HPLC methods for the simultaneous quantification and in vitro screening of antioxidant potential of isolated sesquiterpenoids from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus.
–In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus.
–In vitro antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of Cyperus rotundus.

ANTI-MALARIAL:
–Antimalarial sesquiterpenes from tubers of Cyperus rotundus: structure of 10,12-peroxycalamenene, a sesquiterpene endoperoxide.

ANTI-ULCER / PREVENTS GASTRIC DAMAGE:
–Assessment of anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer and neuro-pharmacological activities of Cyperus rotundus Linn.
–Cyperus rotundus L. prevents non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced gastric mucosal damage by inhibiting oxidative stress.

α-GLUCOSIDASE / α-AMYLASE INHIBITION:
–Free radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory constituents from Indian sedges, Cyperus scariosus R.Br and Cyperus rotundus L.
–Inhibitors of α-glucosidase and α-amylase from Cyperus rotundus.

ANTI-HEMOLYTIC:
–LC-ESI-MS/MS analysis of total oligomeric flavonoid fraction of Cyperus rotundus and its antioxidant, macromolecule damage protective and antihemolytic effects.

ANTI-PLATELET EFFECT:
–Antiplatelet effects of Cyperus rotundus and its component (+)-nootkatone.

BRONCHODILATOR:
–Pharmacological validation of the folkloric uses of Cyperus rotundus L. in different ailments: An in vivo and in vitro research.

VASODILATOR:
–Pharmacological validation of the folkloric uses of Cyperus rotundus L. in different ailments: An in vivo and in vitro research.

CARDIO-PROTECTIVE:
–Effect of ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus L. against isoprenaline induced cardiotoxicity.

PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME:
–Identifying Chinese herbal medicine for premenstrual syndrome: implications from a nationwide database.

DYSMENORRHEA:
–Investigation on Chinese herbal medicine for primary dysmenorrhea: implication from a nationwide prescription database in Taiwan.

ENDOMETRIOSIS:
–Identifying Chinese Herbal Medicine Network for Endometriosis: Implications from a Population-Based Database in Taiwan.
–Reduction of surgery rate in endometriosis patients who take Chinese medicine: a population-based retrospective cohort study.

UTERINE FIBROIDS:
–Chemical constituents of Cyperus rotundus L. and their inhibitory effects on uterine fibroids.

STIMULATES MILK PRODUCTION:
–Evaluation of a lactogenic activity of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus Linn.

ANTI-CANCER:
–Cytotoxic effect of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract on human cancer cell lines.
–Evaluation of in vitro antioxidant and apoptotic activities of Cyperus rotundus.
–In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus.
BREAST CANCER:
–Induction of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells with an ethanol extract of Cyperus rotundus L. by activating caspases.
OVARIAN CANCER:
–6-Acetoxy Cyperene, a Patchoulane-type Sesquiterpene Isolated from Cyperus rotundus Rhizomes Induces Caspase-dependent Apoptosis in Human Ovarian Cancer Cells.

CYTOTOXIC:
–In vitro evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant, cytotoxic and apoptotic activities of the tubers infusion and extracts of Cyperus rotundus.

PROTECTS FROM DNA DAMAGE:
–Chemical Composition, Antioxidant, DNA Damage Protective, Cytotoxic and Antibacterial Activities of Cyperus rotundus Rhizomes Essential Oil against Foodborne Pathogens.

DIABETES:
–An antidiabetic polyherbal phytomedicine confers stress resistance and extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.
–Free radical scavenging, α-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-inflammatory constituents from Indian sedges, Cyperus scariosus R.Br and Cyperus rotundus L.
–Antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice.
–Antidiabetic activity of hydro-ethanolic extract of Cyperus rotundus in alloxan induced diabetes in rats.

INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE:
–Effect of Cyperus Rotundus on Cytokine Gene Expression in Experimental Inflammatory Bowel Disease.

IRRITABLE BOWEL SYNDROME:
–Treatment of irritable bowel syndrome using a selected herbal combination of Iraqi folk medicines.

HEPATO-PROTECTIVE:
–Protective effects of Cambodian medicinal plants on tert‑butyl hydroperoxide‑induced hepatotoxicity via Nrf2‑mediated heme oxygenase‑1.

HEPATITIS / LIVER DISEASE:
–Bioactivity-guided isolation of anti-hepatitis B virus active sesquiterpenoids from the traditional Chinese medicine: Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus.
–The Hexane Fraction of cyperus rotundus Prevents Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Through the Inhibition of Liver X Receptor α-Mediated Activation of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein-1c.

ANTI-OBESITY:
–Experiential documentation of Trimad for its anti-obesity potential: A survey of Ayurvedic physicians from Pune city.
–Natural products: a safest approach for obesity.
–Administration of Cyperus rotundus tubers extract prevents weight gain in obese Zucker rats.
–Reduction of diet-induced obesity in rats with a herbal formulation.

ANTI-DEPRESSIVE:
–Control of stress-induced depressive disorders by So-ochim-tang-gamibang, a Korean herbal medicine.
–New cycloartane glycosides from the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus and their antidepressant activity.
–New Iridoid Glycosides with Antidepressant Activity Isolated from Cyperus rotundus.

CNS DEPRESSANT EFFECT:
–Evaluation of CNS activities of ethanol extract of roots and rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus in mice.

SPASMOLYTIC:
–Pharmacological validation of the folkloric uses of Cyperus rotundus L. in different ailments: An in vivo and in vitro research.

SCOPOLAMINE-INDUCED AMENSIA:
–The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats.

ISCHEMIA INDUCED BRAIN DAMAGE AND MEMORY LOSS:
–Effect of Cyperus rotundus on ischemia-induced brain damage and memory dysfunction in rats.
–Total oligomeric flavonoids of Cyperus rotundus ameliorates neurological deficits, excitotoxicity and behavioral alterations induced by cerebral ischemic-reperfusion injury in rats.

AMYLOID-INDUCED MEMORY IMPAIRMENT:
–Protective Effects of Cyperus Rotundus Extract on Amyloid β-Peptide (1-40)-Induced Memory Impairment in Male Rats: A Behavioral Study.

HYPOXIA-INDUCED MEMORY IMPAIRMENT / COGNITIVE FUNCTION
–Hypoxia induced cognitive impairment modulating activity of Cyperus rotundus.
–The protective effects of Cyperus rotundus on behavior and cognitive function in a rat model of hypoxia injury.

COGNITIVE-ENHANCING:
–Neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects of the combined extract of Cyperus rotundus and Zingiber officinale.
–The protective effects of Cyperus rotundus on behavior and cognitive function in a rat model of hypoxia injury.

NEURODEGENERATION / ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE / PARKINSON'S DISEASE:
–α-Cyperone of Cyperus rotundus is an effective candidate for reduction of inflammation by destabilization of microtubule fibers in brain.
–Novel Food Supplement "CP1" Improves Motor Deficit, Cognitive Function, and Neurodegeneration in Animal Model of Parkinson's Disease.

NEUROPROTECTIVE:
–Neuroprotective and cognitive-enhancing effects of the combined extract of Cyperus rotundus and Zingiber officinale.
–Neuroprotective effects of Cyperus rotundus on SIN-1 induced nitric oxide generation and protein nitration: ameliorative effect against apoptosis mediated neuronal cell damage.
–Protective effect of Cyperi rhizoma against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neuronal damage.

OSTEOPOROSIS:
–Cyperus Rotundus L. extract suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through NFATc1/c-fos downregulation and prevent bone loss in OVX-induced osteoporosis rat.

AGEING:
–An antidiabetic polyherbal phytomedicine confers stress resistance and extends lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans.

ANTI-UV-INDUCED PHOTOAGEING OF SKIN:
–Valencene from the Rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus Inhibits Skin Photoaging-Related Ion Channels and UV-Induced Melanogenesis in B16F10 Melanoma Cells.

PROTECTS AGAINST TOOTH DECAY:
–Anticariogenic properties of the extract of Cyperus rotundus