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Brucea, Ya Dan Zi 鸦胆子

Ya Dan Zi (TCM)
Picture
Picture
Rumphius (Rumpf), G.E., Herbarium amboinense, (1741)

Botanical name:
Brucea javanica (syn. Rhus javanica)

Parts used:
Fruit

Temperature & Taste:
Cold, dry. Bitter. Toxic

Uses:
1. Clears Heat and Damp, Treats Dysentery:
-special for chronic or recurring Dysentery; Dysentery with alternating hard and soft stool
-particularly useful for cases that improve then suddenly worsen
-especially Amebic Dysentery, Dysentery with Blood and Pus
-also for Chronic Diarrhea

2. Treats Malarial Disorders:
-Malarial Fever; Intermittent Fever and Chills
-often the powder is used in capsules as a stand-alone herb; the oil is also used
-Anti-Malarial effects have been proven by research

3. Clears Heat and Toxin, Resolves Masses:
-Tumors and Cancers (inc. Colon, Breast, Cervix, Liver, Leukemia, Bladder, Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma)
-emulsion has been injected into the Bladder for Bladder Cancer with good effect
-seed oil or emulsion is more active than the water extract

4. Externally:
-applied to Hemorrhoids
-paste of the kernels is applied to Corns and Warts (Barefoot Doctors Manual)
-painful, toxic, deep-rooted sores and boils


DOSE:
1. The seeds are commonly recommended to be put inside a Longan fruit and swallowed.
2. According to experience, the seeds can be taken in doses of 5–10 pieces three times per day, or else a dose of 10–20 may be taken every 3 days.
500mg–2 grams, or 5–20 fruits (Barefoot Doctors Manual)
Some practitioners prescribe 25 fruits, up to a maximum of 50 fruits, taken with sugared water. (This dose probably referring to defatted seeds)
The 10% oil emulsion has been given orally for cancer in doses of 50mls, three times daily.
Classically, 7 fruits were inserted into each of 7 Logan fruits, and these were eaten as a dose, making a total of 49 fruits.

PREPARATION:
1. The skin must be removed.
2. Defatted Brucea Seed:
  The seeds are wrapped in blotting paper and pressed to remove the oil. The seed pulp is wrapped in fresh blotting paper and pressed again, the process repeated until no more oil is expressed. This greatly reduces the toxic and irritant effect, however it lowers the therapeutic effect. This is used for older or weaker people, and for children. It has no effect when used topically.

Main Combinations:
1. Dysentery:
i. Amoebic Dysentery, Brucea fruit, Pulsatilla Bai Tou Weng, Coptis Huang Lian
ii. Brucea fruit, Pulsatilla Bai Tou Weng, Purslane Ma Chi Xian
iii. Brucea fruit (15 in number) put into Longan fruit and decocted with Pulsatilla Bai Tou Weng (Barefoot Doctors Manual)
iv. 'Remove the shell from ten to twenty pieces of ya dan zi and place the seeds within long yiln rim (longan flesh). Squeeze them into several small pills and take with warm water on an empty stomach. If it is not cured after one administration, wait two or three days and take it again. Try this two or three times in a row'. (Ten Lectures on the Use of Medicinals, Jiao Shu-De)
v. Brucea seed, Coptis Huang Lian, Costus Mu Xiang, Unripe Bitter Orange Zhi Shi, Paeonia Bai Shao
2. Malaria:
i. the powder is put inside Longan fruit (Long Yan Rou) and eaten.
ii. 'For tertian malaria remove the shell from five to ten pieces of ya dan zi, grind the seeds, and place into capsules. take the capsules three times per day for three to five days in a row.'  (Ten Lectures on the Use of Medicinals, Jiao Shu-De)
3. Toxic Sores or Boils, make a paste of the fruit with vinegar and apply.
4. Hemorrhoids, take 7 Brucea seds in a Longan fruit.

Major Formulas:

Cautions:
1. Toxic to the Liver and Kidneys and a Gastrointestinal irritant. Avoid overdose or long-term use. It is an accumulative toxin so should not be used for more than 2 weeks without a break. Not used in people with Liver or Kidney disease.
2. Avoid in those with Stomach or Spleen weakness, or gastrointestinal bleeding.
3. Not used in Dysentery with deficiency and cold.

TOXICITY:
1. Over 12 fruits can be toxic to an adult.
2. Toxicity is in the water-soluble, bitter fraction.
3. Side effects include nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, drowsiness, diarrhea, gastrointestinal bleeding, liver congestion, renal congestion. In severe cases convulsions and death may result.

Main Preparations used:


Research
1 GENERAL / REVIEW:
–Chemical components, pharmacological properties, and nanoparticulate delivery systems of Brucea javanica
–Preparation, Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Liposomes Containing Brucea javanica Oil

2. ANTIOXIDANT:
–Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Brucea javanica Seed

2. ANTI-FUNGAL:
–Antifungal susceptibility and growth inhibitory response of oral Candida species to Brucea javanica Linn. extract

4. MALARIA:
–Antimalarial properties of crude extracts of seeds of Brucea antidysenterica and leaves of Ocimum lamiifolium

5. ANTI-ULCER:
–Activity of Brucea javanica oil emulsion against gastric ulcers in rodents

5. DIABETES:
–Antidiabetic effects of Brucea javanica seeds in type 2 diabetic rats
–Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Properties of Brucea javanica Seed

7. INHIBITS ANGIOGENESIS:
–Ethanol Extract from Brucea Javanica Seed Inhibits Angiogenesis Mediated by Platelet Derived Growth Factor Receptor-beta

5. CANCER:
–The apoptotic effects of Brucea javanica fruit extract against HT29 cells associated with p53 upregulation and inhibition of NF-κB translocation
–Tumor Cell Selective Cytotoxicity and Apoptosis Induction by an Herbal Preparation from Brucea javanica
–Cytotoxic Compounds from Brucea mollis
–Caspase‐mediated programmed cell death pathways as potential therapeutic targets in cancer
BREAST
–Ethanol Extract of Brucea javanica Seed Inhibit Triple-Negative Breast Cancer by Restraining Autophagy via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway
–The anti-migration and anti-invasion effects of Bruceine D in human triple-negative breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells
–High throughput screening of natural products for anti-mitotic effects in MDA-MB-231 human breast carcinoma cells
COLON/COLORECTAL:
–Involvement of autophagy inhibition in Brucea javanica oil emulsion-induced colon cancer cell death
–Synergistic antitumor effect of brusatol combined with cisplatin on colorectal cancer cells
CANCER CONTINUED
ESOPHAGEAL:
–Brucea javanica oil emulsion improves the effect of radiotherapy on esophageal cancer cells by inhibiting cyclin D1-CDK4/6 axis
–Brucea javanica seed oil enhances the radiosensitivity of esophageal cancer by inhibiting hypoxia-inducible factor 1α, in vitro and in vivo
–Clinical Evaluation of Javanica Oil Emulsion Injection Combined with the Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Esophageal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
GASTRIC:
–Efficacy of Brucea javanica Oil Emulsion Injection Combined with the Chemotherapy for Treating Gastric Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
LEUKEMIA
–Bruceine D induces apoptosis in human chronic myeloid leukemia K562 cells via mitochondrial pathway
LUNG:
–The aqueous extract of Brucea javanica suppresses cell growth and alleviates tumorigenesis of human lung cancer cells by targeting mutated epidermal growth factor receptor
–The Efficacy of Brucea javanica Oil Emulsion Injection as Adjunctive Therapy for Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis
–The Impact of Javanica Oil Emulsion Injection on Chemotherapy Efficacy and Cellular Immune Indicators in Patients with Advanced NSCLC: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
–Apoptosis induced by bruceine D in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells involves mitochondrial ROS-mediated death signaling
–A bioinformatics investigation into the pharmacological mechanisms of javanica oil emulsion injection in non-small cell lung cancer based on network pharmacology methodologies
–Bruceine D induces lung cancer cell apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/MAPK signaling pathway in vitro and in vivo
LIVER:
–The aqueous extract of Chinese medicinal herb Brucea javanica suppresses the growth of human liver cancer and the derived stem-like cells by apoptosis
–Suppression of human hepatocellular cancer cell proliferation by Brucea javanica oil-loaded liposomes via induction of apoptosis
–Therapeutic efficacy of brucea javanica oil emulsion (BJOE) combined with transcatheter hepatic arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in patients with primary liver cancer
ORAL CANCER:
–Apoptosis-Inducing Effect of Three Medicinal Plants on Oral Cancer Cells KB and ORL-48
OSTEOSARCOMA:
–Bruceine D inhibits tumor growth and stem cell‐like traits of osteosarcoma through inhibition of STAT3 signaling pathway
OVARIAN:
–Enhanced therapeutic efficacy of LHRHa-targeted brucea javanica oil liposomes for ovarian cancer
PANCREATIC:
–Brucein D, a Naturally Occurring Tetracyclic Triterpene Quassinoid, Induces Apoptosis in Pancreatic Cancer through ROS-Associated PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway

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