Cynomorium, Suo Yang, 锁阳

Scarlet Mushroom, Maltese Mushroom
Suo Yang (TCM)
Tarthuth, Tarathith (Unani)
Cynomorium coccineum
Kerner von Marilaun, Hansen, & Pflanzenleben:
Erster Band: Der Bau und die Eigenschaften der Pflanzen (1887-1891)

Cynomorium coccineum
(Photo by gailhampshire) (Wikimedia)

Whole Suo Yang root (Adam, 2017)

Botanical name:
Cynomorium spp.
  1. C. songaricum (syn. Cynomorium coccineum var. songaricum)
  2. C. coccineum (Maltese Mushroom)

Parts used:
fleshy stem

Temperature & Taste:
Warm, dry. Sweet.

Classifications:
N. Tonics

Uses:
1. Tonifies Kidneys, Increases Yang:
-Impotence, Infertility (TCM, Unani)
-Urinary frequency, Spermatorrhea, Premature ejaculation
-'tones up loose and flabby organs'. (Avicenna)

2. Nourishes Liver Yin, Nourishes Essence and Blood:
-Weakness and Atrophy disorders
-pain and weakness of the Lower Back and Knees
-Nourishes and increases Sperm
-Apoplexy, Hypertension (Unani)
-Uterine Bleeding and other types of Bleeding (Unani)
-'useful in the atony of the stomach and liver'. (Avicenna)

3. Moisten the Intestines:
-Constipation from Blood or Qi deficiency, or from dryness
-in Unani for obstruction of the Bile duct

4. Stops Bleeding:
-haemorrhagic diarrhoea, postpartum mucous discharge from the womb. (Avicenna)

5. Externally:
-for Itchiness (Unani)
-Hemorrhoids (Unani)
-used topically in tooth powders

DOSE:
1. 'the best way to take it is to add the drug to rice porridge'. (Zhu Zhen Heng)
Decoction: 5–15 grams
Powder: 2–4 grams
It has occasionally been used in the West in doses of 1 dram (3 grams), primarily as an astringent.

COMMENT:
1. The drug has 'twice the efficacy of Cistanches Rou Cong Rong'. (Li Shi Zhen)
2. C. coccineum was introduced by Avicenna after the siege of Malta. In Unani it has been more used as an astringent and to stop Bleeding, but perhaps is better in cases with deficieny. Avicenna noted it for 'flabby organs' and 'atony of the Stomach and Liver', indicating a tonic action.

Main Combinations:
1. Infertility and Impotence:
i. Cynomorium Suo Yang with Cistanches Rou Cong Rong.
ii. Cynomorium Suo Yang with Ginseng, Deer Horn, Rehmannia Shu Di Huang, Eucommia Du Zhong, Epimedium Yin Yang Huo, Dang Gui, Cinnamon, Licorice (as in Nan Bao)
iii. Cynomorium Suo Yang with Withania (Unani)
2. Weakness, Atrophy, Paralysis, Motor Impairment, Cynomorium Suo Yang with Achyranthes Niu Xi, Rehmannia Shu Di Huang.
3. Weakness and wasting of the Sinews and Bones, Cynomorium Suo Yang with Mistletoe (Sang Ji Sheng), Dang Gui
4. Premature Ejaculation, Incontinence, frequent Urination from Yang deficiency, Cynomorium Suo Yang with Praying Mantis Egg Case (Sang Piao Xiao)

Cautions:
1. Not used for Kidney Yin deficiency with Heat signs (Yin-deficient Heat)
2. Not for Diarrhea from Spleen deficiency or Constipation from excess Heat.

TOXICITY:
It has low toxicity
–[Subchronic toxicity test of songaria cynomorium herb aqueous extract in rat].
–Toxicity Assessment of Chinese Herbal Medicine Cynomorium songaricum Rupr.

Main Preparations used:

Research
GENERAL / REVIEW
–The Modern Use of an Ancient Plant: Exploring the Antioxidant and Nutraceutical Potential of the Maltese Mushroom (Cynomorium Coccineum L.).
–Chemical constituents and pharmacologic actions of Cynomorium plants.
–The genus Cynomorium in China: an ethnopharmacological and phytochemical review.
–[Studies on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of the stem of Cynomorium songaricum Rupr].

ANTIFUNGAL
–Antifungal activity of extracts from Cynomorium coccineum growing wild in Sardinia island (Italy).

ANTIVIRAL
–Isolation and antiviral activity of water-soluble Cynomorium songaricum Rupr. polysaccharides.
–[Inhibitory effects of some traditional medicines on proliferation of HIV-1 and its protease].

ANTIOXIDANT
–Glycoside constituents with various antioxidant effects from fresh Cynomorium songaricum.

ASTRINGENT
–Astringent drugs for bleedings and diarrhoea: The history of Cynomorium coccineum (Maltese Mushroom).

CARDIOPROTECTIVE
–Evaluation of the potential cardioprotective activity of some Saudi plants against doxorubicin toxicity.

HYPOTENSIVE
–Hypotensive agent from Cynomorium coccineum.

ANTIDEPRESSANT
–Effect of Cynomorium total flavone on depression model of perimenopausal rat.
–Effect of cynomorium flavonoids on morphology of perimenopausal depression mice model.

NEUROPROTECTIVE
–Structures and neuroprotective activities of triterpenoids from Cynomorium coccineum subsp. songaricum (Rupr.) J. Leonard.

MEMORY IMPAIRMENT
–Cynomorium songaricum Extract Alleviates Memory Impairment through Increasing CREB/BDNF via Suppression of p38MAPK/ERK Pathway in Ovariectomized Rats.

ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
–Extract of Cynomorium songaricum ameliorates mitochondrial ultrastructure impairments and dysfunction in two different in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease.

ANTI-AGEING
–The Yang-Tonifying Herbal Medicine Cynomorium songaricum Extends Lifespan and Delays Aging in Drosophila.
OBESITY
–48Biochemical mechanisms of the anti-obesity effect of a triterpenoid-enriched extract of Cynomorium songaricum in mice with high-fat-diet-induced obesity.

DIABETES
–Lipidomics characterization of the mechanism of Cynomorium songaricum polysaccharide on treating type 2 diabetes.

HORMONAL EFFECT
–Cynomorium songaricum Rupr demonstrates phytoestrogenic or phytoandrogenic like activities that attenuates benign prostatic hyperplasia via regulating steroid 5-α-reductase.
–[Cynomorium songaricum improves sperm count and motility and serum testosterone level and promotes proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia in oligoasthenospermia rats].
–Compounds from Cynomorium songaricum with Estrogenic and Androgenic Activities Suppress the Oestrogen/Androgen-Induced BPH Process.

ENHANCES MALE SEXUAL FUNCTION AND SPERM
–Comparison of enhanced male mice sexual function among three medicinal materials.
–[Cynomorium songaricum improves sperm count and motility and serum testosterone level and promotes proliferation of undifferentiated spermatogonia in oligoasthenospermia rats].
–The Effects of Cynomorium songaricum on the Reproductive Activity in Male Golden Hamsters.
–Cynomorium songaricum induces spermatogenesis with glial cell-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) enhancement in rat testes.

BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
–Cynomorium songaricum Rupr demonstrates phytoestrogenic or phytoandrogenic like activities that attenuates benign prostatic hyperplasia via regulating steroid 5-α-reductase.
–Compounds from Cynomorium songaricum with Estrogenic and Androgenic Activities Suppress the Oestrogen/Androgen-Induced BPH Process.

INFERTILITY
–Plants in the management of male infertility.

MENOPAUSE
–Effect of Cynomorium total flavone on depression model of perimenopausal rat.

CANCER
–Identification and characterization of chemical components in the bioactive fractions of Cynomorium coccineum that possess anticancer activity.
–Antiproliferative and antiviral activity of methanolic extracts from Sardinian Maltese Mushroom (Cynomorium coccineum L.).
–Anticancer Activity of Cynomorium coccineum.
–[Effect of Cynomorium songaricum polysaccharide on telomere of lung cancer A549 cells].
–Maltese mushroom (Cynomorium coccineum L.) as source of oil with potential anticancer activity.